Women Prisons Before the 1800 Essay Example for Free

Women Prisons Before the 1800 EssayWomen were punished as men were, with the exception that pregnant women were often spared punishment until by and by they had given birth. Women were generally mixed with male prisoners and supervised by male jailers, which made the women doubly subject to abuse and exploitation.(Foster, 2006) Women who violated the law, then, also violated their slavish position and were seen as morally suspect as well as criminal. Prior to the development of prisons in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, punishment for women and men took a variety of forms Serious offenders were put to death by hanging or burning, or banished from their community or sold as slavesHow return they changed?The Indiana ground Reformatory was established in 1873 as the first separate prison for women in America. (Foster, 2006) The women in prisons are still treated the same except they have separate prisons and more rights to help them when they are abused. They still do have coed prisons in Illinois but they are minimum security prisons. What are the three underlying arguments established in the 1800s that supported the separation of juvenile prisoners from adult prisoners?1. The penitentiary regimen was too hard on tender youth.2. Juveniles would learn bad habits from previous(a) criminals and be embittered by The experience of confinement.3. Adolescents could be reformed if they were diverted early enough into institutions Designed specifically for people their age.What would happen if there were no sign between prisons for juveniles and adults? It would be like sending flocks of young sheep to live with older wolves. The juveniles would be exploited and exposed to a great deal immoral and wrong things.What was the purpose of prison labor?In the 1800s, prisons recouped their expenses by leasing convicts to private companies in 1885, fully three-quarters of prisoners were involved in some form of labor, mostly for private companies or individu als (du Pont, Some Benefits of captive Labor). This had little to do with attempts atrehabilitation. Prisoners were forced to work without pay, often in dangerous conditions convict miners were killed in cave-ins in the 1800s (Leonhardt A1). In 1887, sexual intercourse for the first time attempted to outlaw the leasing of convict labor to private parties (Ingley 28+), but there was backlash at the state level refusal to hearthstone federal prisoners.What finally drove legislation restricting prison labor were the Depression and the increasing fear that private jobs would be lost to cheaper convict labor. The 1935 Hawes-Cooper Act, on with the Ashurst-Sumner Act of 1940, outlawed interstate trade in convict-made goods, making it a felony and a federal crime to traffic in them (OMeara 14 du Pont, Some Benefits of Prisoner Labor). Subsection (b) of the Ashurst-Sumner Act does exempt goods made in State prisons for use by any prison in any other state, or federal prison-made goods for use by any other federal prison (Ingley 28+). Congress banned prison labor use on federal contracts exceptional $10,000 the same year (du Pont, Some Benefits) the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act placed limits on the purchase of prison-made goods by the federal government (Ingley 28+).CorrectionsThe Fundamentals, by Burk Foster. produce by Prentice-Hall. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Du Pont, Pete. Some Benefits of Prisoner Labor. The San Diego Union-Tribune 30 Nov. 1995 pg.? Leonhard, David. As Prison Labor Grows, So Does the Debate. The New York Times 19 Mar. 2000, final ed. A1. Ingley, Gwen Smith. hustle Labor Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. Corrections Today v. 58 Feb. 1996 28+.

Tensions in Colonial Society Essay Example for Free

Tensions in Colonial Society EssayBoth the Bacon Rebellion and the Pueblo revolt were ignited by the mounting apprehension of preserving safety and a way of life as white settlers and Native the Statesns come together on the same land. Because European settlers were trying to settle on land already occupied by Indians, many conflicts arose. For many white settlers, as was the case in the Bacon Rebellion, the clash of the cardinal races caused an uneasy apprehension. The white settlers felt jeopardise by the Native Americans, and, as a result, resorted to unnecessary violence. In the Bacon Rebellion, this ongoing strain caused farmers to kill many Indians, even friendly ones. For many Native Americans the clash of the two races resulted in tension as the white settlers tried to change the Indian way of life. This was true of the Pueblo Indians in present day New Mexico who felt threatened by the Spanish because they were trying to impose an unfamiliar, Christian life on the Ind ians. With both groups we see a common tension people are sentiment threatened as a result of Native Americans and hite settler interaction.As with these uprisings, tension created by Indian/colonist interaction in colonial America often erupted into violence and rebellions. While the Pueblo revolt was mainly the result of Indian/Colonist conflict, the Bacon rebellion had many more aspects to it. The Bacon rebellion was inpart fueled by the breeze between the most elite Americans and everyone else. For Bacon and his friends, who were upper-class Englishmen who came to America, the tension came rom resentment toward the Virginia elite for not including them.For the farmers, it was the belief that the elite government did not understand or sympathize with the danger Indians posed to farmers. When the two groups teamed up to fight out the tension against the elite, many Indians and innocent colonists were killed and injured. The deaths occurred when colonists vented their frustration s by taking matters into their own custody against the Indians and, later, fighting against the litists.The Bacon rebellion started because of uneasiness about the Indian situation, but it ended as a full on war with the elites. It was this end that reflects the growing tension between the elite and the common people of American colonial society. Colonial society in America was a new frontier for those that settled there. As with anything new, problems and tensions arose and these growing tensions were reflected in uprisings, such as Bacons Rebellion and the Pueblo Revolt.One of the ain tensions of colonial America was the result of two very different cultures, the Indians and the Colonists, wing for excerption in this new situation. Other tensions arose when tight knit elitist groups excluded and disregarded the well being of others. Tensions between races and different social classes werent new to history. Nevertheless, their ubiquitous quality does not make them any less signif icant, nor did it help the colonists when the tensions exploded into Bacons Rebellion and the Pueblo revolt.

Case Study of Monopolistic Competition in India

Case Study of Monopolistic Competition in IndiaHindustan Unilever limit being the leading come with in the FMCG area is the prime focus of our study. It is the gargantuanst cope holder of the FMCG sector in the Indian grocery store. It was founded in November 1956 and its etymond in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The mission statement of HUL is, add vitality to life.In this encompass we reach analyzed the life cycle of HUL, along with its strong presence in the foodstuff collect to its highest shares in the FMCG market. Research in this report live of analyzing the competitors with respect to HUL with reference book, internet research which gave a proper direction to our study.Our major finding includes that HUL has a strong market base which is spread strategically in all the market surgical incisions under whips and detersives due to so many brands by HUL. Also we see on that point are a lot of emerging competition to the HULs liquid ecstasys and detergent market share and h ow it has and will continue to tackle these competitions. Additionally we see the HUL firms life cycle, along with an understanding of a monopolistic market. Furthermore we see into one of the competitors downfall in the soaps and detergent market.In conclusion, this study shows HUL has a strong market share in the soaps and detergent sector.HUL in the light of all the competition, is constantly innovating brand-new products so as to dominate the market. Un corresponding other companies, HUL has its base under all the segments, thus targeting a wide range of consumers.AbstractHindustan Unilever Limited is the largest FMCG Company with market leadership in the easy lays Detergents Industry. The report focuses on the evolution of HUL as the market leader in light of the life sentence Cycle of a Firm and analyses how it managed to sustain its status with emerging new entrants in a monopolistic competitive market.Problem contestationAmong several leading national and global brands , HUL is the largest party in the FMCG Sector and it is the market leader with 46% share in the soaps and detergents industry. The underlying factor for its mastery is the strong customer base.It Provides wide range of productsContinuously innovates to respond to the competitive pressures by providing value additions to its existing productsHas established its target audience to either segment premium, mid- costd and democraticIntroductionHindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) is Indias largest Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Company based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is a subsidiary of Unilever, a British-Dutch company which controls 52% shareholdings in HUL. Unilever is worlds largest supplier of fast moving consumer goods across 100 countries in the world.In Home Personal Care Products and Foods Beverages, HULs 35 power brands are spread across 20 different consumer categories such as detergents, shampoos,soaps, skin care, toothpastes, coffee, tea, ice creams etc. The company aim s to create a better future every day as it provides for nutrition, hygiene, and ad hominem care that help people feel good and look good. HUL touches the lives of two out of three Indians.These brands are manufactured over 40 factories and operations consist of 2000 suppliers and associates. It covers 6.3 million retail outlets reaching the entire urban population and 250 million rural consumers.HUL has over 16000 employees and an annual turnover of around Rs.21736 crores(as per financial year 2011-2012).Life Cycle of HULLife Cycle can best be explained as the course of events that bring a new firm into existence and follows its growth into maturity to capture the mass consumers. The most common steps in the life cycle of a firm include the following phasesIntroductionDevelopment adulthoodGrowthSales volume1988 1930 1991 2000TimeDevelopment PhaseFirms in the development phase are likely to be characterized by small levels of sales and are more speculative in nature. The firms en ter the market as they see a market opportunity. Unilever the parent company of HUL viewed the Indian market with trem depotous potential. Thus, it launched Sunlight Soap in 1988. This gave dress up to an era of marketing branded fast moving consumer goods (FMCG). It further demod Lifebouy and other brands like Pears, Lux and Vim came into market in 1985. Vanaspati and Dalda were also launched in 1918 and 1937 respectively.Introduction PhaseIn 1930s the introduction of the firm as Hindustan open Limited came into existence with the merger of HindustanVanaspati Manufacturing Company, Lever Brothers India Limitedand United Traders Limited.It became the startle foreign subsidiary company to do so. Today, the company has more than three lakh resident shareholder.Growth PhaseIn 1991, with the rest of the Indian economy,a drastic change in growth curve of HUL was witnessed as the company explored every single opportunity in the product segment,without any hindrance in the productio n capacity. HUL and its largest competitor Tata Oil Mills Company (TOMOCO) merged together,and the acquisition took place in 1994.In 1996,a 5050 joint venture was formed, with Lakme Limited to market cosmetics andwith US based company Kimberly-Clark Lever Ltd to marketHuggies Diapers and Kotex Sanitary Pads.HUL also set up a subsidiary as Unilever Nepal Limited (UNL). The UNL manufactory manufactured HULs products like Soaps, Detergents and Personal Products both for the domestic market and exports to India.The company witnessed crucial mergers, acquisitions and alliances after 1990s , on the Foods and Beverages front.Maturity PhaseHUL entered the maturity be in early 2000s. Since it reached upper bounds of its demands, it undertook various projects and initiatives to maintain its brand image. The increase demand is not entirely affected by the advertising. For instance,HUL undertook Project Shakti in 2001,a rural initiative which targeted small villages. Presently, 45,000 Shakti entrepreneurs are working,which covers over 100,000 villages across 15 states and reaching to over 3 million homes.In 2002, HUL made its debut into Ayurvedic wellness Beauty Centre category with the Ayush range and Ayush Therapy Centers.In 2003,it launched Hindustan Unilever Network, Direct to home business , launching Pureit water purifier in 2004.In 2007, the Company name was formally changed to Hindustan Unilever Limited.Brooke Bond and Surf Excel showed Rs.1000 crore as a sales mark followed by roulette wheel which crossed the Rs.2000 crore sales milestone in 2008.HUL has completedmore than 75 geezerhood of corporate existence in India.HUL-Monopolistic CompetitionMonopolistic competition is a market situationin which there are a large number of distributeers and a large number of buyers for the products and services. The firms in a monopolistic competitive market are generally small in size. All firms provide similar products i.e. the products are adjacent substitutes of each other. However they can be differentiated on the basis of color, packaging, lark abouts, and brand price and so on.The Indian FMCG Market is a perfect event of monopolistic competition. It is a highly crowded market with a large number of national and global players competing on margins. The stock turnover is high as FMCG products are frequently consumed and have a short shelf life. The main features of FMCG in light of monopolistic competition can be viewed as follows mammoth Number of SellersIn a monopolistic competitive market, there is abundance of sellers producing differentiated products. The presence of large number of sellers is highlighted by the fact that the Indian Soap and Detergent market has 700 companies competing to sell their products. The major players across the globe are ITC Limited, Procter Gamble and Hindustan Unilever Limited.Freedom of Entry and ExitThere are low barriers to entry and exit of firms in monopolistic competition. If the profits are attra ctive, the firms can enter the industry. Increase in disposable income in hands of both rural and urban consumers, gave an opportunity to the rural consumers to shift from unbranded unorganized products to branded FMCG products. The increasing demands, leads new firms to enter the market. When the competition increases the existing firms are forced to reduce their price in order to meet the competition. Thus free entry and exit maintains normal profits in the market in the longer span of time. For instance, Nirma was launched in the detergent industry at a low price targeted to cater to the needs of middle-priced and popular segment. The success of Nirma forced HUL to launch an even lower priced product. Thus, Wheel and Rinwere introduced by HUL to maintain its market share.Selling CostsDue to product differentiation in monopolistic competition, firms are required to incur some supernumerary be such as advertising, sale promotions, salaries of marketing staff etc. to promote the p roduct. The main aim is to inform, persuade and remind the buyers of the availability of the product. The strategy of self-assertive advertising is adopted. HUL and Procter Gamble are two renowned companies for portrayal of advertisement war. Aggressive television commercials were shown targeting each others brand. Even in print the prices of detergents such as Tide and Rin were compared to influence the customers buying habits. It is highly believed that advertisements are factual and help buyers make an informed choice.Product DifferentiationIt is regarded as the most important feature of monopolistic competition. The products in monopoly are homogenous in nature whereas in monopolistic market it is heterogeneous in nature. The products are close substitutes however every seller tries to differentiate his product from the competitors product. They maybe different in terms of colour, packaging, features, pricing, size and shape. For instance, Ariel, the detergent laundry line for PG, is available in a configuration of forms. Ariel Colour is a detergent used mainly to protect colour of clothes, Ariel Stain remover is a stain pre-treatment product, ArielQuickwash is used to wash clothes in the firm wash cycle and so on. Therefore, Ariel has been able to expand its laundry line depending on the use of the detergent. By adding various features to the existing product, Ariel has been able to distinguish itself from the competitor.absence seizure of InterdependenceThe firms operate on the basis of their own marketing policies and production. No firm is influenced by the other firm. Since a large number of firms enter the market, the size of each firm varies. Thus, no firm is dependent on the other.Falling Demand CurveA firm in monopolistic competition, has a downwards sloping demand curve. This is mainly because the sellers are the price makers i.e. they are influential enough to affect the price of the product. The demand curve is highly elastic as substitute s are available.This means one can sell more at low prices and vice-versa.Competitors analysisHUL has a large share of market in soaps and detergent segment, but it passive faces a growing number of competitions from various Competitors in the market. In the detergent sector it faces competition from Procter and Gamble (PG), Henkel, RohitSurfactancts Pvt. Ltd. (RSPL) and Nirma (now out of the market). In the soap sector it faces competition from Godrej, PG, Wipro, ITC and Nirma (now out of the market). HUL faces just one competition in the health care sector of the soap industry and that is from Reckitt.Detergents MarketPastHUL captured the Indian detergent market in the year 1957 and maintained its monopoly in terms of quality till 1980s with its product SURF. However by 1980s a company named Nirma Chemicals brought out a detergent Nirma which was priced much lower than HULs Surf with a very catchy advertisement on TV, claiming great quality at affordable rates. It soon became a v ery popular jingle, catching the imagination of the masses. By 1985 Nirma had replaced Surf from the number one do in the detergent market.HUL whence changed their strategy and introduced cheaper detergents named Wheel and Rin, and managed to regain some of the broken ground in the detergent market. This shift ultimately resulted in HULs Wheel replacing Nirma from the top position of the detergent market in early 2000.But soon there emerged a threat from a product named Ghari which was launched by RSPL in 1987.PresentIn the current market scenario, Ghari holds the number one position at 17.3%, followed closely by Wheel which holds 16.9% of the market share. Nirma on the other hand had witnessed a immense downfall and it now just commands a market share of less than 6%. Tide launched by PG is now at the third position in the market after Ghari and Wheel, with a share of 13.5%.The Indian detergent market is broadly classified into four different segments namely-Premium, examples- Ariel and SurfMid-price, examples- Henko, Rin and TidePopular, examples-Wheel, Ghari, Nirma and Mr. blankRegional and small unorganized playersPremium, Mid-price and Popular account for a market share of 15%, 40% and 45% respectively against each other.All the in a higher place three segments combined form 60% of the market share, while the rest 40% share is held by the regional and small unorganized players in the market.HUL is still a major player in the market with its Wheel, Rin and Surf in all three main segments, but RSPL is now the overall leader due to Ghari.Soaps MarketThe soap market in India is divided into various categories that is mens soaps, ladies soap and common soap. There is also a small share in the soap market which is held by specialty soaps like baby soaps, sandal soaps, glycerin soap etc. The market growth of the soap sector is estimated to be 7% p.a. and it is spy that rural market constitutes 60% of the soap sales.There are about 700 soap manufacturing c ompanies in India. The Indian soap markets value is estimated to be around 60000 crores. In this huge market there are just a handful of key players who control the major chunk of the market share. These are HUL, Godrej, Wipro, PG, Nirma and ITC.HUL enjoys over 54.3% of the market share with its brands such as Lux, Lifebuoy, Rexona, Breeze, Pears, Haman and Dove.Godrej Consumer Product Ltd.(GCPL) comes in second position with 11% of the market share with its brands such as Cinthol, Fairglow, Nikhar and Allcare. GCPL is among the biggest manufacturer of toilet soaps and it launched Fairglow, which was the first fairness soap in India.Wipro with its brands such as Santoor and Chandrika has a strong base in the soap market sector.Procter Gamble (PG) and Nirma are the other competitios with a strong presence in the market share.ITC is a fairly new entry into the soap market with the launch of its brand named Vivel. According to AC Nielson a global marketing research firm, Vivel soaps h ave witnessed a growth rate of 70-80% within a short period of time. ITC is now the fastest growing company in soap the soap market.Case Study Downfall of Nirma Detergent PowderThe purpose of this case study is to highlight the factors that led to downfall of NirmaDetergent Powder. How ignorance of factors like consumer behavior, innovation, product differentiation immensely affect the existence of any firm in the cut-throat competitive market.Nirma detergent powder was launched in 1969 by Nirma Chemicals at a price far lower than the market leader-Surf. The aim of Nirma was to create a brand at affordable price. The strong popularity of Nirma among the cost conscious Indian consumer, gave rise to competition. No company is interested in losing its market share. Thus, recognizing the threat, HUL, the undisputed leader in FMCG, launched Wheel detergent to try and establish itself in the low end of the market. Nevertheless, it forced Nirma to exit the market. The main reason for this are highlighted as underLack of Innovation With the increase in disposal income in the hands of the consumers, a shift was seen in the demand of products. The consumer desired aspirational products focused on viability and divisibility instead of economy brand products focused on affordability. Nirma suffered from the inability to innovate products to meet the new demands of the consumer. It failed to think beyond pricing. On the other hand, HUL was able to establish products in all segments PopularWheel , Mid-Priced Rin and PremiumSurf.Lack of Advertising Nirma did not have a strong brand promotional strategy. It failed to capitalize on the trademark jingle i.e. failed to convert its recognition earned into sales. With the increase in competition, Nirma did not introduce new and improved advertisements. Even the visibility on TV channels reduced.Lack of Product Differentiation On the one hand where the sales of HUL increased, there was evident decline in those of Nirma. Hul along t he way changed its technology and added features to its existing products. Surf went from Surf to Super Surf to Surf Excel. Even though Nirma progress to Nirma Blue, the differentiation was not visible.Lack of Price IncreaseNirma locked itself to the conventional low price plank. Overtime with the increase in prices of LAB ( linear alkyl benzene) and address Oil, both ingredients used for the making of detergents, Nirma did not increase the price of the detergent. Naturally the company faced complications in terms of revenue generation as the costs were higher than the profit derived from it.What Nirma could have done?Compete on Quality A company like Nirma can easily increase sales by highlighting improved quality in its product. It could emphasize on the performance risks in the low priced segment and mention the cost advantages.Strategic Positioning A company must position its product well. The target audience for Nirma was the low income group. It should aim at increasing sale s in the rural markets by increasing availability in villages. Moreover it should tap the untouched cheaper and unorganized markets.Attractive Advertising Advertising plays an important role in creating consumer awareness. The way HUL changed the packaging of Lifebouy from a masculine product to a family product (as shown below),Nirma should change the conventional image of a Nirma dancing girl to something more appealing.CUsersDIVNEETDesktopold_lifebuoy_ad_mazhar khan.JPGCUsersDIVNEETDesktopLifebuoy_soap.jpgCo-opt Contributors A company can easily form strategic partnerships with dealers, suppliers and resellers by offering exclusive deals and offers.Grammage in Packaging Many a times, companies reduce the quantity of the product and sell it at the same price. Reduction in quantity is generally unnoticed by the consumer. For example Selling Half Kg detergent for Rs.7 instead of genius Kg.SWOT analysis of HUL Soaps and Detergent MarketStrengthsEstablished target audience in various market segmentsLargest company in FMCG sectorTop position in soap and detergent market shareWide range of productsContinuously innovatesGlobal presencePopular among the massesWeaknessFew popular products appealing to the mass has been kept in premium pricing range, due to which people prefer cheaper products offered by the rival companiesOpportunitiesAs the masses are get more hygiene conscious, the sales expected to riseRising demand of premium and mid-priced products in the rural areasDownfall of Nirma will help them to regain lost market sharesSoap sectors growth is expected at 7% p.aThreatsRising competition from other emerging companiesLosing top position in the market share of detergents to Rohit Surfactants Pvt. Ltd.(RSPL)ITCs sudden growth in the soap marketConclusionIn this report, it can be easily observed that HULis a market leader in the FMCG industry in soaps detergents. Its evolution can be seen through various phases and currently operating in its Maturity phase. H owever, its evolution began in 1988 with launch of fair weather soap by Lever brothers and today we see a wide range of products starting with soaps and detergents, home personal care and food beverages. We see how regular innovation and close study of consumer behavior has helped HUL exist in this competitive market as a leader in its field. Grabbing the right way opportunities at the right time and optimal utilization of available resources is the also one of the key critical success factors for any firm to be successful.HUL was able to capitalize on its products because of their approach towards target segmentation. HUL targeted the mass audience with products available in all income groups-low level, middle level high level.HUL have managed to balance margin pressures in the detergents segment, through product mix changes by good quality of a huge product and brand portfolio.Recommendation

Employee and Student Involvement in Classroom Decisions

Employee and Student Involvement in Classroom conclusivenesssIntroductionEmployee engagement plays an meaning(a) role in an organization especially to achieve an organization goals and objectivities. Due to manager limited ability to make the scoop finding alone(predicate), so employee confederation in stopping point make abut is very important. Through this do work it flowerpot generate more(prenominal) diversity and better closures. So the same theory flowerpot be applies on some(prenominal) other activities, not just for the organization or office determination make only. For example, employee involvement similarly gouge be apply to many daily activities such as schoolrooms activities that involve pupils during the close qualification process. When there is bookman involvement in the ratiocination making process, it is known as participative decision making.Student involvement defined as the degree to which student influence how the decision is organize d and carried out. This provides opportunities to students for sharing their acquaintance and entropy between each other when they manoeuver part in decision making. However, non-participative decision making process still often chances. It happen when students did not take part in the decision making process during classrooms activities. It means that these students might not even know the existence of the problem or they be not motivated to provide any cultivation, recommendations, consignment in the classroom or whitethornbe the instructor did not want to discuss with the student when making the decision.On the other side, student involvement skunk be divided into three levels. At the lowest level of student involvement, students allow for just provide the information when their instructors ask them. They do not make any recommendation and might not even know what the problem is about. At the medium level, students know the cite of problem and they volition make recomm endations to instructor. At the highest level of student involvement, entire decision making process is handed over to students for them to solve it. These all flowerpot be summarized by the figure below.Those ar the examples in the level of student involvement in both participative and non-participative decision making process. The higher the rung on the ladder indicates that the higher level of student involvement in the decision making process. Although student involvement in decision making process has many advantages but it also leads to some potential problems that might chance during the process.Problem IdentificationIn this engagement, the main problem is focus to the explanation on how student involvement in classroom decisions typically do by the instructor alone might improve decision quality and the potential problems that may experience out in this process.Source of ProblemsBased on the problem that has been identified, we will elaborate the source of problem acc ording to the problems that may occur during the participative decision making process and also the problems that may occur during the non-participative decision making process. The explanation is do like that, in order to make a comparison between participative decision making and non-participative decision making. The purpose is to overtake a clear view on how student involvement in classroom decision typically make by the instructor alone might improve decision quality. Besides, this elaboration also can answer the second problem what potential problems that may occur in the participative decision making process.These are the potential problems that might occur during the participative decision making process Risk of contraveneThere are ii types of conflict undermine the benefits of the student involvement. First, the conflict of subjects. In participative decision making process, many students are involved. Different people come out with different ideas and opinion. So auto matically it will generate a lot of ideas, opinions and solutions. This will easily leads to the conflict of ideas. usually it is hard to reach an agreement on the preferred solution. Second, the conflict between the student individual goal and the overall goal. Sometimes the student goals and the classroom goals will be different, then it will happen conflict inwardly that individual. This will prevent that student to give full contribution in the decision making process.Decision StructureDecision structure is the decision that made based on the past experiences. Usually the problem that happens in this situation is the problem that is routine. It means that the problem had happened before and the solution has been identified in the past. Normally when this kind of problem occurs again, the standard procedure developed with a ready-made solution. So there is no need for the student involvement when making the decision since the instructor already know how to solve it based on the past experience.Lack of Sufficient KnowledgeSometimes students do not have the knowledge that is needed to solve the problem. So even if they participate in the decision making process, they also cannot provide much help since they lack of sufficient knowledge.Decision commissionStudents are made up by variety of people. Some are very active, motivated and give a lot of commitment in the decision making process. However, some students are very inactive, not motivated and will not contribute in the decision making process.Fishbone (Source of Problem)Decision commitmentRisk of ConflictParticipative Decision MakingLack of sufficient knowledgeDecision structureOn the other side, these are the potential problems that might occur in the non-participative decision making process Power SharingThe will of the decision maker or the instructor to share the power with the students.Lack of Alternatives raft collectively tend to be better than individuals at generating and picking the best alte rnative because they have diverse perspectives and a broad representation of values.Decision CommitmentSome students are unlikely to accept a decision made without their involvement, especially when the problem is related to them.Problem IdentificationSometime instructor alone fails to identify the problem accurately because students are usually the first to know when the problem occurs.Mind-Map (Source of Problem)Learning OutcomesNowadays, western countries already practice classroom decision making rather than only listen to the lecturers and follow whatever the lecturers have decided. Different people have different thought and one issue or questions may come out with various solutions. This will not happen if students ideas and creativity in decision making process are being ignored or restricted. Therefore, throughout this classroom decision making, we can found out some fiting outcomes which can benefit many parties. Of course, the most beneficial party will be students.By p articipating in classroom decision making process, students are becoming more independent, responsible, aggressive, and more confidence. These outcomes are helping them in their time to come workplace. In terms of independent, the students can become more independent in making their own decision rather than relying on lecturer to make decision. This also built up students confidence level as they need to be confidence with the decision they made and be responsible of the effect or topic from the decision made.Furthermore, students may gain diverse useful information and experience from others through the sharing of different decision making process especially in assort assignments. This process is not only beneficial for the students themselves but also other students. Throughout the process, others may absorb different way to make the reconcile decision or it might be efficient way to make a better decision. Therefore, the students involve less cost occur and yet student may dev elop their problem solving skills.By realizing the importance of the classroom decision making participation, students may also improve their communication skills. Among all the assignments or coursework, students may be required or encouraged to have it in a group or aggroup for better decision making. By doing this, students are able to share their various decision among all the group members and decision can be made accurately throughout all the backchat that made by group members. This may come out with better results. Indirectly, students can realize that the importance of communication which playing an important role in all(prenominal) decision making process.Generate alternatives to solve the problemThe main problem can be solved by two alternatives. It is either to implement participative decision making process in the classroom or non-participative decision making process.Choose alternative to solve the problemWe has chosen the participative decision making process inste ad of the non-participative decision making process. This is chosen based on the analysis that we have done on the potentials problems from both methods. In our opinion, participative decision making that involve student in it is better and more suitable compare to the non-participative decision making that made based on the instructor alone. When there are more people involved in the decision making process, there are a high number of outcomes. So the probability to leads to a better solution is getting higher. Furthermore, recently student in Colorado remarked, We can give you respect. We are able to understand the issues. We can think for ourselves. Its our education. If we have a say, it will make a difference. Based on that remarked phrase, we can see that nowadays students are prefers participative decision making more compare to non-participative.Besides that, we also can affects on the student behavior and values through participative decision making. If we want student to t ake responsibility for their own behavior and decision, we must first give them responsibility. Moreover student involvement in the decision making process will positively increase their commitment towards the decision that are make in the class either directly or indirectly.Involving student in the decision making process offers a number of advantages. First, it can identify and define the problems better. It is because students are the first one to know when something goes wrong. Other than that, it usually generates more and better solutions than the instructor working alone. Lastly, through student involvement, it is more likely to select the best option. People collectively tend to be better than individual alone when picking the best alternatives. This is because they have diverse perspectives and a broad representation of values. That is why we choose participative decision making instead of non-participative decision making.There are several ways to solve the potential probl ems that might occur during the participative decision making process. That is through Motivating student by fixsUsually, the students always motivate by the reward given by lecturer. The reward can be consists of beneficiary reward and non-beneficiary reward. Beneficiary reward is given something to the students such as pen drive or other stationery. Meanwhile, the non-beneficiary reward is an intangible reward, and this type reward usually come from internal forces or nonverbal. The examples of non-beneficiary are give encouragement (e.g. well done, good job, etc.) Through reward, the students are more motivated to involve themselves in discussion and these can strengthen their commitment to the decision.Complexity of the problemStudent involvement is unnecessary when the problem is routine. Instead, the benefits of the student involvement increase with the novelty and complexity of the problem or opportunity.Provide sufficient informationIf the student is lack of sufficient info rmation, then the instructor should provide them some necessary information first for them before involving them into the participative decision making process.Level of involvementIf the student goals and norms conflict with the overall goals, then only a low level of student involvement is advisable. If the conflict of idea is likely, then high involvement would be difficult to achieve, so a low level of involvement is advisable.Team ReflectionAfter completing this assignment, our group felt that it was a great learning experience for every member of the team. Throughout this assignment, we face many problems. Before we start the assignment, we made a discussion to understand the question and also give the opinion about the answer individually. Therefore, communication is very important in this discussion. All of us have to learn how to cooperate in a team and respect different opinions. If there is a member of the team not willing to give their thought to the team members, it will not lead to a complete assignment. Every members opinion is very important in doing this assignment, so we make sure that everyone contributes ideas in racetrack a team before we make the final decision.After that, we have to decide how to present creatively and effectively, who will go to present in face up of the class. We had to create a way of present that can attract the attention of the class to listen in a limited time which is only 10 minutes for each group. Therefore, time management is very important in this assignment. We have to estimate the time for presentation and also make sure the coast show is interesting and informative that can caught attention of students to listen. Also, we have to make sure that the presenter is very well in presentation which has the best English communication skills. Because our group consists of four members, therefore we have to separate the task to each of the member. The summarizing which is the most crucial part that needs to trans mit clearly as this we will give the strongest presenter who had the best English communication skills to present. While the introduction and the definition will present by the other member. As a conclusion, this presentation gives a very good experience to every member and this can help members not to nervous when speaking in front of people. It can also improve member speaking skills in order to become more comfortable when speaking in front of people.Overall, we enjoyed doing this assignment. This is a great argufy for all of us where all members have to overcome those conflicts. Thus, it is a great team building experience for all the members as this can help everyone in future team oriented projects.ConclusionNowadays, many countries already practice classroom decision making rather than only listen to the lecturers and follow whatever the lecturers have decided. This kind of motivation can make us become more efficient when doing something.From this, we realize that it is imp ortance for us to involve in the classroom decision making process. This is a sharing and learning process. Through participating in classroom decision making process, students are becoming more independent, responsible, aggressive, and more confidence. These outcomes are helping them in their future workplace. From participative decision making, we have the chance to absorb new idea from others. It provides us the sufficient knowledge for making the decision in future. Moreover, the students communication skill can be improved, which serve as a vital skill in our life.As a conclusion, the learning outcomes for this assignment have been achieved and all solutions for the potential problems had been identified. Although the participative decision making process have some sort of potential problems, however, at overall it is still better than non-participative decision making.

Three Major Types Of Buying Situation Commerce Essay

Three Major Types Of Buying Situation Commerce EssayConsumer behaviour is the study of case-by-cases, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to choose, expend, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to pay their needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society (Noel, 2009). Consumer behaviour mixes elements from psychology, sociology, social anthropology and economics and it also intends to understand the buyer decision making process, both in individual and in groups (Noel, 2009). There are various elements which can influence consumer behaviour, recent research implies that it may vary depending on the buy situation. This essay is going to sterilise the main types of buying situations, outline the characteristics of them and explain factors which are promising to impact guest involvement in each situation.In general, thither are common chordsome study types of buying situations (BE, 2005). The stark naked task is a business buying situation in which the buyer purchases a product or service for the first of all beat. The modified rebuy is defined as a business buying situation in which the buyer wants to modify product specifications, prices, terms, or suppliers. Straight rebuy is a buying situation in which the buyer routinely reorders something without any modifications.The three types of buying situations could be significantly different. Various factors may work in different situations. every time when the buyer is to come a purchase decision, buying situation can be different, it may or may not be the alike as the previous one. The differentiation between the two buying situations may be caused by the absence of any or all of the following factors (LME, 2006). sensation to a greater extent or less competing scores in a product group. Customer has a decision criterion. Customer is able to evaluate and decide on his choice.According to the factors above, the three major types of bu ying situation could be obviously different.The new task could also be defined as extensive problem solvingsituation (LME, 2006). In this situation, the buyer has no past experience for products and he is totally new to buy the products which require some and extensive efforts for a buyer to decide about the product purchase. It may take customers longer time to make a decision because it could have a greater risk or cost and take more time in getting know of the new products.Modified rebuy could also be called as limited problem solving situation in which supplies a change and gives the customer with new experience and new preference (CM, 2005). It gives a chance to the customer to try something new. If the introduction of a new brand or a product shows many advantages to the customer, it could require a change in the customers decision criterion. For example, a housewife decides to buy a soap and she sees a new semiliquid toilet soap which promises to keep her skin soft and moist urized, the brand also promises to give vitamin E, which the manufacturer claims is required in temperate conditions. The liquid toilet soap brand is available in four fragrances .The pack can be refilled every time the soap gets fully consumed .Now this introduction is likely to change her decision and may be the choice criterion. If she draws some time in evaluating the liquid toilet soap against the normal bar soap and thence decides to try it, we conclude that for her it was a limited problem solving situation (CM, 2005). As can be seen, modified rebuy might often lead to a trial purchase. The customer may even decide to continue with her current product choice. Generally it has been admitted that brand extension strategy helps the customer to reduce the elements of newness in the purchase decision.Straight rebuy is also known as extensive problem solving situationand it is characterized by the presence of all three criterion for differentiation (CM, 2005). In other words, cust omers are aware of his or her choices, they know what they are searching for, as his or her choice, what exactly his need is and which is based on individual(prenominal) experience of either self or others might be relatives, friends or the customers have heard about it that is known to be called as good messages.Generally, the customers spend little or no time choosing alternatives of the product and the substitutes of the product .Brand loyalty is relatively higher here. Moreover, this is a buying situation where a customer perceives a low risk in buying the product and/or the brand. For example, a housewife goes to the shop or a supermarket and spends much less time in choosing her toiletries, drinks like tea or coffee and other food products. For each time she goes to buy the things for family requirements and needs, she generally finishes up buying the same brand.As it is shown above, the three factors which make the differentiations between the buying situations appear differ ent in each situation. Thus, there could be different factors which affect customer involvement in each situation. In general, there are four of them (Song, J.H. and Adams, C.R., 1993)Capacity What it does for a buyerQuality How well or poorly it does the specified functionsPrice The amount paying by the buyerEffort The time and energy expended by the buyer.These four factors are most likely to affect customers to make the decision when they are doing a purchase, which could participate differently in the three buying situations.In the new task buying situation, because customer has no experience for the products, it may have more factors affecting the customer involvement. The customers could consider all the factors capacity, quality, price and also brand, it could take the customers more time than other buying situations. It could be the buying situation which is most likely to affect customer involvement. The firms have to set all the factors right if they want to attract new cu stomers or they want to develop a new product. In the modified rebuy situation, customers may contrast the previous products with the new ones. As the customers understand what they need and what the products can do, the factors like quality and price are classical to affect the customer involvement. Sometimes, a good introduction of the capacity is distinguished as well. In this situation, the brand loyalty could also act as an important factor of affecting the customer involvement. It also may take customers quite a long time before making a decision. In the back-to-back rebuy situation, the customers know exactly what they need, they have already know the information about the products they want. Therefore, the most likely factors which could affect the customer involvement are the capacity and the quality. one time the firms have done well on the quality of their products and also make a good introduction of the capacity of products, it could make customers spending less tim e on making a decision. It may let customers feel easy to be involved in the consuming.In conclusion, there are three major types of buying situations, which are new task, modified rebuy and straight rebuy. Three factors make the buying situations be different from the others, customers may face different problems in these situations. Thus, there are four main factors which are likely to affect customer involvement. Each situation could also have different types of factors which effect the customer involvement. each of the above suggests that consumer behaviour do vary depending on the buying situation. More research could be done on what firms can do to improve the customer involvement while choosing their products.

Locality Planning :: essays research papers

Locality Planning - The Key ElementsA topical anaestheticity plan is a fundamental and dynamic management tool which will state a list of targets to be met within a given local anaestheticity. It will be based on local needs analysis and will be use to prioritise resource allocation whilst at the same time encouraging involvement and enhancing accountability.There be m any(prenominal) factors which will determine how such a plan might develop, some of which are the consultation processes, inter-agency and inter-service co-operation, availability of resources, service quality, monitoring and feedback procedures as well as meeting the corporate aims, values and policies of Fife Council. reference point will need to be participative and all who may be affected by the plan would need to be actively encouraged to participate. This would involve amongst others, local community groups, elected members, voluntary organisations, residents, businesses, council services and officials. This consultation &8216phase&8217 would have to examine what other plans, initiatives, programmes and policies may be in place and any successive impact on existing service proviso and resources. Inter-agency and intra-agency co-operation is essential if information is to be collated and processed in any meaningful fashion and to ensure that any plan once in place will be properly supported. Barriers to co-operation need to be removed through consultation, participation, negotiation, and improved communication channels. Resource provision has to be assessed along with any plan. Existing resources, whether personnel, equipment or financial john only cater for so many needs. The targeting of these resources would need to be negotiated and agreed by all parties involved as part of the process of encouraging ownership of and participation in a locality plan.To provide a plan which meets local needs and has the necessary resources is pointless if the quality of implementation does not meet the expectations of the community. Recognition therefore of the service delivery processes are vital. Personnel need to be properly trained, highly motivated and committed to the aims of the plan. Equipment needs to be suitable for its intended purpose and utilised as effectively as possible. Monitoring and feedback are an essential part of the process if the locality plan is to remain dynamic. Monitoring allows the progress of the plan to be measured and any fine tuning can be implemented where needed.

trees :: essays research papers

Trees ar terrific. They cover the world and provide air and beauty for all to enjoy. Yes indeed trees are terrific. There are many uses for trees and their byproducts. Everywhere we look there are trees or some kind of shrub that always give us something to look at.Trees depict bread and butter more pleasant. They make the world beautiful. When we go and lay in parks where there are lots of trees we feel peaceful, at ease, and most of all happy. Trees make life more pleasant. Trees make hoi polloi more at ease and deport also shown that hospital patients recover faster when they around trees. People have strong ties with trees. Some people always remember that one tree that they grew up around and never forget it for as long as they live. The faculty that trees have gives people a feeling of self strength to help them get through everyday life.Most of trees are private property, but that does non mean that they are not part of the community also. Since trees are everywhere, t here is a lot of planning that goes into the placement of trees so that they benefit everyone. Trees provide people with privacy for their homes and yards. Trees also serve an architectural function as well. Many architects use trees to improve the looks of a businesses and public areas to make people more at home.Trees also benefit the environment. They alter the environment in which we live by moderating the climate, improving the air quality, conserving our water source and harboring wildlife. They take in free energy from the sun, block the wind, and rain. Trees also control the temperature. In the vicinity of trees is cooler than that away from trees. The larger the tree, the greater the cooling, the better a person feels because they are not in the sun. Air quality is also improved through the use of trees, shrubs and turf. Leaves filter the air we breathe by removing the dust and other particles from the air.