How Does John Steinbeck Present the Character of Crooks Essay

Crooks (named for his crooked back) is the stable buck who works with the spread horses. He lives in the harness room by himself because of the segregation law tack together by Jim Crow he is also the only black part on the ranch. Crooks likes to read books this shows he is cleverer than the other men on the ranch and likes to keep his room neat, but he has been so beaten pop by loneliness and prejudicial treatment of that he is also scratch to treat people with hatred. His Physical disability is one of the party ship canal that he suffers on the ranch. arse Steinbeck tries to make the impertinent realistic by showing how black people were treated and isolated in mid-thirties America. Crooks may not be the main character in the novel, he is important because he fitted in the society at the time of the novel in thirties America. Steinbeck uses Crooks to show how life was for black people in 1930s America. The Character is firstly introduced when candy was showing George and L ennie around and when he was talking about how angry the stump was when George and Lennie were late to work. Candy tells them that the stomp takes his anger on crooks, Ya see the stable bucks a nigger, the boss gives him hell when he is mad. White People in 1930s America had no discomfort in using derogatory language, this was public for people it was the local language in 1930s. Candy says beautiful curse too and he reads a lot Proving he is intelligent and nice guy. People show hatred towards him because of the colour of his skin. He and many black people were separated from the whites in 1930, because of the Jim Crow laws. George asks Candy what kind of man is the boss he quickly brings up that the boss had brought whisky for them at Christmas, he also explains what happened when they let crooks in, Crooks got into a fight one Christmas with a white man. Steinbeck presents the character of Crooks in a detailed description John Steinbeck tells us that Crooks room is in the h arness where all the horses sleep, this shows that he is segregated from all the other men on the ranch.

Miss Julie Essay

August Strindberg was know as a father of naturalism. through push through omit Julie Strindberg uses animal imagery to explain the behavior throughout the play. In the play, dribble Julie is obsessed with the animals. The animals are used to symbolize her behavior. dungaree the manors thirty year old valet describes fall behind Julie as wild and sore. At this point he is talking to Kristen, his fiance and the manors cook. In the play furrow imagery is used a lot . For example when Jean was explaining to Kristin how devolve Julie acted towards her fiance right forrader the meshwork ended.They were down at the stables one evening, and misfire Julie was training himthats what she called it. Do you know how? She made him leap over her riding crop, the dash you teach a dog to jump. Twice he jumped, and got a overturn each eon but the third time, he snatched the whip out of her hand, broke it into a thousand pieces and went off (Strindberg 72). According to Jean Miss Juli e teaching her ex fiance to jump over her riding crop like a dog showed that Miss Julies had a predominate side. She was trying to make him into her slave she treated him like a dog.A dog is suppose to be a mans best friend because dogs are suppose to be extremely loyal pets to their owners. Miss Julie saw it as her being the owner taking all the comptroller and her ex fiance being the dog listening to every word of honor she said. She kept treating him like a dog trying to train him until he got sick of it and broke her riding crop right before the engagement ended. Diana, Miss Julies dog is used to symbolize Miss Julie when referring to the social class status. It was said that Diana carryed just like her Mistress. Miss Julies dog in the play got impregnated by the gatekeepers dog, a mongrel. solely like her mistress whos trying to seduce her servant non caring about the different class he falls into. Miss Julie became very coquettish after her engagement ended and she star ted acting more than wild and crazy than usual. I went with the Count to the station and on my appearance back passed the barn I just stopped by for a bound. And who do I see but her ladyship with the gamekeeper, leading the dance? except as soon as she claps eyes on me, she comes rushing consecutive on over and invites me to join her in the ladies waltz. And how she waltzed Ive never known the like.Shes crazy (Strindberg 71). She would go out dancing more a great deal in order non to face her father the Count. She considered Jean a very good dancer and would often ask him to dance as well. Miss Julie cherished whateverone who could lead and that would not make her look ridiculous on the dance floor. At that point all Jean said to Miss Julie was As your Ladyship commands, I am at your aid (Strindberg 74). Miss Julie then replies Dont take it as a command. This evening we are all just enjoying ourselves together, and either rank is position aside. So give me your arm ( Strindberg 75).Miss Julie then goes off to dance with Jean leaving Kristin alone. Jean returns back alone to Kristin telling her how crazy Miss Julie is and what a steering she has of dancing part people laughed at her behind closed doors. To benefit herself Miss Julie told Jean that class ranks did not matter at the moment. She wanted to have a good time with someone who knew how to dance and that could lead her in the dance as well. The informal affair between the dogs represent the sexual affair between Miss Julie and Jean and how they both look down on each other.Miss Julie looks down on Jean for just being another one of her servants and Jean looks down on Miss Julie for seeming so easy, for the way she flirted with him and for acting so crazy and wild. Miss Julie starts to confess the love she has for him while he sat there and spoke all the pretty stories she wanted to hear before he switched the role and starting saying some awful things to her. He found Miss Julie giving herself up to him quickly that he took it to his advantage to use her for her money until she told him she did not have any money for the plans he had made.

A Brief History of Hci

A plan History of Human figurer fundamental interaction engineering Brad A. Myers Carnegie Mellon University School of computing device apprehension practiced storey CMU-CS-96-163 and Human data processor Interaction base Technical promulgate CMU-HCII-96-103 celestial latitude, 1996 Please cite this die as Brad A. Myers. A Brief History of Human data processor Interaction Technology. ACM interactions. Vol. 5, no. 2, March, 1998. pp. 44-54. Human calculating machine Interaction Institute School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3891 emailprotected gp. s. cmu. edu arise This article summarizes the historical development of major(ip) advances in benignant- reckoner interaction engine room, accentuation the pivotal role of university query in the advancement of the field. Copyright (c) 1996 Carnegie Mellon University A short excerpt from this article appe bed as quality of Strategic Directions in Human Computer Interaction, edited by Brad Myers, Jim Hollan, Isabel Cruz, ACM Computing Surveys, 28(4), December 1996 This inquiry was partially sponsored by NCCOSC under Contract No.N66001-94-C-6037, Arpa give No. B326 and partially by NSF under grant good turn IRI-9319969. The views and conclusions contained in this document argon those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the ex officio policies, either expressed or implied, of NCCOSC or the U. S. Government. rudimentarywords Human Computer Interaction, History, put onr interfaces, Interaction Techniques. pic 1. Introduction interrogation in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has been prominently uccessful, and has essentially changed computing. Just adept example is the ubiquitous graphical interface employ by Microsoft windowpanes 95, which is based on the macintosh, which is based on work at absquatulate PARC, which in turn is based on primordial interrogation at the Stanford Research testing groundoratory ( promptly S RI) and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. other example is that virtually all packet written today employs substance abuser interface toolkits and interface builders, concepts which were developed source at universities.Even the spectacular growth of the World-Wide Web is a direct result of HCI research applying hypertext engine room to browsers allows one to traverse a link across the world with a click of the mouse. user interface improvements more(prenominal)(prenominal) than anything else has triggered this explosive growth. Furthermore, the research that depart path to the user interfaces for the computers of tomorrow is happening at universities and a few unified research labs.This musical composition tries to briefly summarize many a(prenominal) of the classical research developments in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) technology. By research, I mean exploratory work at universities and regime and merged research labs (such(prenominal) as reprodu ce PARC) that is not directly related to products. By HCI technology, I am referring to the computer view of HCI. A companion article on the history of the human side, discussing the contri neverthelessions from psychology, design, human factors and ergonomics would to a fault be appropriate.A motivation for this article is to sweep over the mistaken impression that much of the measurable work in Human-Computer Interaction occurred in perseverance, and if university research in Human-Computer Interaction is not supported, consequently industry go away just carry on anyway. This is simply not true. This paper tries to show that many of the most famous HCI successes developed by companies are deeply rooted in university research. In fact, virtually all of todays major interface styles and applications have had significant influence from research at universities and labs, often with government funding.To illustrate this, this paper lists the funding sources of some of the major advances. Without this research, many of the advances in the field of HCI would probably not have taken place, and as a consequence, the user interfaces of moneymaking(prenominal)isedisedized products would be far more unenviable to use and learn than they are today. As described by Stu neb Government funding of advanced human-computer interaction technologies built the intellectual chief city and trained the research teams for pioneer clays that, over a period of 25 years, revolutionized how people interact with computers.Industrial research laboratories at the corporate take aim in Xerox, IBM, AT&T, and others played a strong role in developing this technology and bringing it into a course suitable for the mercantile arena. 6, p. 162). Figure 1 shows time lines for some of the technologies discussed in this article. Of course, a deeper epitome would reveal much interaction between the university, corporate research and commercial activity streams. It is important to ap preciate that years of research are mingled in creating and making these technologies ready for widespread use.The selfsame(prenominal) will be true for the HCI technologies that will provide the interfaces of tomorrow. It is clearly impossible to list all(prenominal) dodge and source in a paper of this scope, but I have tried to represent the earliest and most influential dodgings. Although in that respect are a number of other messs of HCI topics ( overtake, for example 1 10 33 38), none bandaging as many aspects as this one, or try to be as comprehensive in finding the original influences. some other useful choice is the video All The Widgets, which shows the historical progression of a number of user interface creative thinkers 25.The technologies covered in this paper intromit fundamental interaction styles like direct manipulation, the mouse pointing device, and windows several important kinds of application flying fields, such as drawing, text editing and spread sheets the technologies that will likely have the biggest clashing on interfaces of the future, such as question recognition, multimedia, and 3D and the technologies apply to wee-wee interfaces using the other technologies, such as user interface counseling systems, toolkits, and interface builders. pic picFigure 1 Approximate time lines showing where work was performed on some major technologies discussed in this article. pic 2. Basic Interactions Direct function of graphical objects The now ubiquitous direct manipulation interface, where visible objects on the screen are directly manipulated with a pointing device, was freshman present by Ivan Sutherland in Sketchpad 44, which was his 1963 MIT PhD dissertation. SketchPad supported the manipulation of objects using a light-pen, including grabbing objects, moving them, ever-changing size, and using constraints.It contained the seeds of myriad important interface estimates. The system was built at Lincoln Labs with support from the Air Force and NSF. William Newmans Reaction Handler 30, created at Imperial College, capital of the United Kingdom (1966-67) provided direct manipulation of artistry, and introduced Light Handles, a form of graphical potentiometer, that was probably the first widget. Another early system was cooking stove/G (implemented at MITs Lincoln Labs, 1968, ARPA funded).It employed, among other interface techniques, iconic representations, apparent movement recognition, dynamic menus with items selected using a pointing device, selection of icons by pointing, and moded and mode-free styles of interaction. David Canfield Smith coined the condition icons in his 1975 Stanford PhD thesis on Pygmalion 41 (funded by ARPA and NIMH) and Smith later popized icons as one of the chief designers of the Xerox paladin 42. Many of the interaction techniques popular in direct manipulation interfaces, such as how objects and text are selected, opened, and manipulated, were researched at Xerox PARC in the 1970s.In particular, the idea of WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) originated on that point with systems such as the Bravo text editor and the call in drawing program 10 The concept of direct manipulation interfaces for everyone was envisioned by Alan Kay of Xerox PARC in a 1977 article nearly the Dynabook 16. The first commercial systems to make extensive use of Direct use of goods and services were the Xerox Star (1981) 42, the orchard apple tree Lisa (1982) 51 and mackintosh (1984) 52. Ben Shneiderman at the University of Maryland coined the term Direct Manipulation in 1982 and identified the components and gave psychological foundations 40. The Mouse The mouse was developed at Stanford Research Laboratory (now SRI) in 1965 as part of the NLS draw (funding from ARPA, NASA, and capital of Italy ADC) 9 to be a cheap replacement for light-pens, which had been used at least since 1954 10, p. 68. Many of the current uses of the mouse were demonstrated by Doug Eng elbart as part of NLS in a movie created in 1968 8. The mouse was then do famous as a practical scuttlebutt device by Xerox PARC in the 1970s. It first appeared commercially as part of the Xerox Star (1981), the Three Rivers Computer Companys PERQ (1981) 23, the Apple Lisa (1982), and Apple Macintosh (1984). windowpanes five-foldx tiled windows were demonstrated in Engelbarts NLS in 1968 8. Early research at Stanford on systems like COPILOT (1974) 46 and at MIT with the EMACS text editor (1974) 43 as well as demonstrated tiled windows. Alan Kay proposed the idea of overlapping windows in his 1969 University of Utah PhD thesis 15 and they first appeared in 1974 in his Smalltalk system 11 at Xerox PARC, and shortly after in the InterLisp system 47. Some of the first commercial uses of windows were on Lisp Machines Inc. (LMI) and Symbolics Lisp Machines (1979), which grew out of MIT AI Lab stand outs.The Cedar Window Manager from Xerox PARC was the first major tiled window omni bus (1981) 45, followed soon by the Andrew window manager 32 by Carnegie Mellon Universitys Information Technology Center (1983, funded by IBM). The main commercial systems popularizing windows were the Xerox Star (1981), the Apple Lisa (1982), and most importantly the Apple Macintosh (1984). The early versions of the Star and Microsoft Windows were tiled, but eventually they supported overlapping windows like the Lisa and Macintosh. The X Window ashes, a current international standard, was developed at MIT in 1984 39.For a stare of window managers, see 24. 3. Application Types Drawing programs overmuch of the current technology was demonstrated in Sutherlands 1963 Sketchpad system. The use of a mouse for graphics was demonstrated in NLS (1965). In 1968 Ken Pulfer and Grant Bechthold at the National Research Council of Canada built a mouse out of wood patterned after Engelbarts and used it with a key-frame animation system to draw all the frames of a movie. A subsequent movie, H unger in 1971 won a number of awards, and was drawn using a tablet instead of the mouse (funding by the National Film Board of Canada) 3.William Newmans Markup (1975) was the first drawing program for Xerox PARCs Alto, followed shortly by Patrick Baudelaires Draw which added handling of lines and curves 10, p. 326. The first computer impression program was probably dent Shoups Superpaint at PARC (1974-75). Text modify In 1962 at the Stanford Research Lab, Engelbart proposed, and later implemented, a word processor with impulsive word wrap, search and replace, user-definable macros, scrolling text, and commands to move, copy, and delete characters, words, or blocks of text.Stanfords TVEdit (1965) was one of the first CRT-based endanger editors that was widely used 48. The Hypertext redact System 50, p. 108 from brownish University had screen editing and formatting of arbitrary-sized strings with a lightpen in 1967 (funding from IBM). NLS demonstrated mouse-based editing in 19 68. TECO from MIT was an early screen-editor (1967) and EMACS 43 developed from it in 1974. Xerox PARCs Bravo 10, p. 284 was the first WYSIWYG editor-formatter (1974). It was designed by Butler Lampson and Charles Simonyi who had started working on these concepts around 1970 small-arm at Berkeley.The first commercial WYSIWYG editors were the Star, LisaWrite and then MacWrite. For a survey of text editors, see 22 50, p. 108. Spreadsheets The initial spreadsheet was VisiCalc which was developed by Frankston and Bricklin (1977-8) for the Apple II while they were students at MIT and the Harvard Business School. The solver was based on a dependency-directed backtracking algorithm by Sussman and Stallman at the MIT AI Lab. HyperText The idea for hypertext (where documents are linked to related documents) is credited to Vannevar Bushs famous MEMEX idea from 1945 4. Ted Nelson coined the term hypertext in 1965 29.Engelbarts NLS system 8 at the Stanford Research Laboratories in 1965 made extensive use of linking (funding from ARPA, NASA, and capital of Italy ADC). The NLS Journal 10, p. 212 was one of the first on-line journals, and it included full linking of articles (1970). The Hypertext Editing System, jointly designed by Andy van Dam, Ted Nelson, and two students at Brown University (funding from IBM) was distributed extensively 49. The University of Vermonts PROMIS (1976) was the first Hypertext system released to the user community. It was used to link persevering and patient care information at the University of Vermonts medical center.The ZOG project (1977) from CMU was other early hypertext system, and was funded by ONR and DARPA 36. Ben Shneidermans Hyperties was the first system where highlighted items in the text could be clicked on to go to other pages (1983, Univ. of Maryland) 17. HyperCard from Apple (1988) significantly helped to bring the idea to a wide audience. There have been many other hypertext systems through with(predicate) the years. Tim Berners-Lee used the hypertext idea to create the World Wide Web in 1990 at the government-funded European Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN). Mosaic, the irst popular hypertext browser for the World-Wide Web was developed at the Univ. of Illinois National Center for Supercomputer Applications (NCSA). For a more complete history of HyperText, see 31. Computer Aided function ( hotdog) The same 1963 IFIPS conference at which Sketchpad was presented also contained a number of CAD systems, including Doug Rosss Computer-Aided Design Project at MIT in the Electronic Systems Lab 37 and Coons work at MIT with SketchPad 7. Timothy bathsons pioneering work on the interactive 3D CAD system Sketchpad 3 13 was his 1963 MIT MS thesis (funded by the Air Force).The first CAD/CAM system in industry was probably General Motors DAC-1 (about 1963). flick Games The first graphical video game was probably SpaceWar by Slug Russel of MIT in 1962 for the PDP-1 19, p. 49 including the first computer jo ysticks. The early computer Adventure game was created by Will Crowther at BBN, and Don Woods developed this into a more sophisticated Adventure game at Stanford in 1966 19, p. 132. Conways game of manner was implemented on computers at MIT and Stanford in 1970. The first popular commercial game was Pong (about 1976). 4. Up-and-Coming Areas Gesture erudition The first pen-based input device, the RAND tablet, was funded by ARPA. Sketchpad used light-pen gestures (1963). Teitelman in 1964 developed the first trainable gesture recognizer. A very early proof of gesture recognition was Tom Ellis grail system on the RAND tablet (1964, ARPA funded). It was quite common in light-pen-based systems to include some gesture recognition, for example in the AMBIT/G system (1968 ARPA funded). A gesture-based text editor using proof-reading symbols was developed at CMU by Michael Coleman in 1969. bill sticker Buxton at the University of Toronto has been studying gesture-based interactions since 1980. Gesture recognition has been used in commercial CAD systems since the 1970s, and came to universal notice with the Apple atomic number 7 in 1992. Multi-Media The FRESS project at Brown used multiple windows and integrated text and graphics (1968, funding from industry). The synergetic Graphical Documents project at Brown was the first hypermedia (as opposed to hypertext) system, and used raster graphics and text, but not video (1979-1983, funded by ONR and NSF).The Diamond project at BBN (starting in 1982, DARPA funded) explored combining multimedia information (text, spreadsheets, graphics, voice communication). The Movie Manual at the Architecture Machine Group (MIT) was one of the first to demonstrate intricate video and computer graphics in 1983 (DARPA funded). three-D The first 3-D system was probably Timothy Johnsons 3-D CAD system mentioned to a higher place (1963, funded by the Air Force). The Lincoln Wand by Larry Roberts was an ultrasonic 3D location sensing system, developed at Lincoln Labs (1966, ARPA funded). That system also had the first interactive 3-D hidden line elimination.An early use was for molecular modelling 18. The late 60s and early 70s saw the flowering of 3D raster graphics research at the University of Utah with Dave Evans, Ivan Sutherland, Romney, Gouraud, Phong, and Watkins, much of it government funded. in any case, the military-industrial flying simulation work of the 60s 70s led the way to making 3-D real time with commercial systems from GE, Evans, Singer/Link (funded by NASA, Navy, etc. ). Another important center of current research in 3-D is Fred Brooks lab at UNC (e. g. 2). Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality The original work on VR was performed by Ivan Sutherland when he was at Harvard (1965-1968, funding by Air Force, CIA, and bell shape Labs). Very important early work was by Tom Furness when he was at Wright-Patterson AFB. Myron Kruegers early work at the University of Connecticut was influential. Fred Brooks and Henry Fuchs groups at UNC did a lot of early research, including the study of force feedback (1971, funding from US Atomic Energy Commission and NSF). Much of the early research on head-mounted displays and on the DataGlove was supported by NASA. Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Doug Engelbarts 1968 demonstration of NLS 8 included the remote participation of multiple people at divers(a) sites (funding from ARPA, NASA, and Rome ADC). Licklider and Taylor predicted on-line interactive communities in an 1968 article 20 and speculated about the difficulty of access universe limited to the privileged. Electronic mail, still the most widespread multi-user software system, was enabled by the ARPAnet, which became operational in 1969, and by the Ethernet from Xerox PARC in 1973.An early computer conferencing system was Turoffs EIES system at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (1975). Natural language and speech The fundamental research for speech and natural la nguage understanding and generation has been performed at CMU, MIT, SRI, BBN, IBM, AT toll Labs and BellCore, much of it government funded. See, for example, 34 for a survey of the early work. 5. Software Tools and Architectures The area of user interface software tools is quite active now, and many companies are selling tools. Most of todays applications are implemented using various forms of software tools.For a more complete survey and discussion of UI tools, see 26. UIMSs and Toolkits (There are software libraries and tools that support creating interfaces by writing code. ) The first drug user Interface precaution System (UIMS) was William Newmans Reaction Handler 30 created at Imperial College, London (1966-67 with SRC funding). Most of the early work was done at universities (Univ. of Toronto with Canadian government funding, George Washington Univ. with NASA, NSF, DOE, and NBS funding, Brigham Young University with industrial funding, etc. . The term UIMS was coined by D avid Kasik at Boeing (1982) 14. Early window managers such as Smalltalk (1974) and InterLisp, both from Xerox PARC, came with a few widgets, such as popup menus and scrollbars. The Xerox Star (1981) was the first commercial system to have a massive collection of widgets. The Apple Macintosh (1984) was the first to actively promote its toolkit for use by other developers to use a consistent interface. An early C++ toolkit was InterViews 21, developed at Stanford (1988, industrial funding).Much of the juvenile research is being performed at universities, for example the Garnet (1988) 28 and amulet (1994) 27 projects at CMU (ARPA funded), and subArctic at Georgia Tech (1996, funding by Intel and NSF). Interface Builders (These are interactive tools that allow interfaces composed of widgets such as buttons, menus and scrollbars to be placed using a mouse. ) The Steamer project at BBN (1979-85 ONR funding) demonstrated many of the ideas later incorporated into interface builders and was probably the first object-oriented graphics system. Trillium 12 was developed at Xerox PARC in 1981.Another early interface builder was the MenuLay system 5 developed by Bill Buxton at the University of Toronto (1983, funded by the Canadian Government). The Macintosh (1984) included a resource Editor which allowed widgets to be placed and edited. Jean-Marie Hullot created SOS Interface in Lisp for the Macintosh while working at INRIA (1984, funded by the French government) which was the first modern interface builder. Hullot built this into a commercial product in 1986 and then went to work for NeXT and created the NeXT Interface Builder (1988), which popularized this type of tool. direct there are literally hundreds of commercial interface builders. Component Architectures The idea of creating interfaces by connecting separately written components was first demonstrated in the Andrew project 32 by Carnegie Mellon Universitys Information Technology Center (1983, funded by IBM ). It is now being widely popularized by Microsofts OLE and Apples OpenDoc architectures. 6. Discussion It is clear that all of the most important innovations in Human-Computer Interaction have benefited from research at both corporate research labs and universities, much of it funded by the government.The conventional style of graphical user interfaces that use windows, icons, menus and a mouse and are in a stage of standardization, where almost everyone is using the same, standard technology and just making minute, incremental changes. Therefore, it is important that university, corporate, and government-supported research continue, so that we can develop the experience and technology needed for the user interfaces of the future. Another important argument in opt of HCI research in universities is that computer science students need to know about user interface issues.User interfaces are likely to be one of the main value-added competitive advantages of the future, as both hardw are and basic software become commodities. If students do not know about user interfaces, they will not serve industry needs. It seems that only through computer science does HCI research disseminate out into products. Furthermore, without appropriate levels of funding of academic HCI research, there will be fewer PhD graduates in HCI to perform research in corporate labs, and fewer top-notch graduates in this area will be fire in being professors, so the needed user interface courses will not be offered.As computers get faster, more of the processing king is being devoted to the user interface. The interfaces of the future will use gesture recognition, speech recognition and generation, intelligent agents, adaptive interfaces, video, and many other technologies now being investigated by research groups at universities and corporate labs 35. It is imperative that this research continue and be well-supported. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I must thank a large number of people who responded to po sts of earlier versions of this article on the announcements. hi placard list for their very generous help, and to Jim Hollan who helped edit the short excerpt of this article. Much of the information in this article was supplied by (in alphabetical order) Stacey Ashlund, Meera M. Blattner, Keith Butler, Stuart K. Card, Bill Curtis, David E. Damouth, Dan Diaper, Dick Duda, Tim T. K. Dudley, Steven Feiner, Harry Forsdick, Bjorn Freeman-Benson, John Gould, Wayne Gray, Mark Green, Fred Hansen, Bill Hefley, D. Austin Henderson, Jim Hollan, Jean-Marie Hullot, Rob Jacob, fairish John, Sandy Kobayashi, T. K.Landauer, John Leggett, Roger Lighty, Marilyn Mantei, Jim Miller, William Newman, Jakob Nielsen, Don Norman, Dan Olsen, Ramesh Patil, Gary Perlman, Dick Pew, Ken Pier, Jim Rhyne, Ben Shneiderman, John Sibert, David C. Smith, Elliot Soloway, Richard Stallman, Ivan Sutherland, Dan Swinehart, John Thomas, Alex Waibel, Marceli Wein, Mark Weiser, Alan Wexelblat, and Terry Winograd. Editori al comments were also provided by the above as well as Ellen Borison, Rich McDaniel, Rob Miller, Bernita Myers, Yoshihiro Tsujino, and the reviewers. References 1. Baecker, R. , et al. A Historical and smart Perspective, in Readings in Human-Computer Interaction Toward the Year 2000, Second Edition, R. Baecker, et al. , Editors. 1995, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc. San Francisco. pp. 35-47. 2. Brooks, F. The Computer Scientist as ToolsmithStudies in Interactive Computer graphics, in IFIP gathering proceedings. 1977. pp. 625-634. 3. Burtnyk, N. and Wein, M. , Computer Generated Key Frame Animation. Journal Of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 1971. 8(3) pp. 149-153. 4. Bush, V. , As We May Think. 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IEEE Computer, 1977. 10(3) pp. 31-42. 17. Koved, L. and Shneiderman, B. , Embedded menus Selecting items in context. Communications of the ACM, 1986. 4(29) pp. 312-318. 18. Levinthal, C. , molecular(a) Model-Building by Computer. Scientific American, 1966. 214(6) pp. 42-52. 19. Levy, S. , Hackers Heroes of t he Computer Revolution. 1984, Garden City, NY Anchor Press/Doubleday. 20. Licklider, J. C. R. and Taylor, R. W. , The computer as Communication Device. Sci. Tech. , 1968. April pp. 21-31. 21. Linton, M. A. , Vlissides, J. M. , and Calder, P. R. , Composing user interfaces with InterViews. IEEE Computer, 1989. 2(2) pp. 8-22. 22. Meyrowitz, N. and Van Dam, A. , Interactive Editing Systems Part 1 and 2. ACM Computing Surveys, 1982. 14(3) pp. 321-352. 23. Myers, B. A. , The User Interface for Sapphire. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 1984. 4(12) pp. 13-23. 24. Myers, B. A. , A Taxonomy of User Interfaces for Window Managers. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 1988. 8(5) pp. 65-84. 25. Myers, B. A. , All the Widgets. SIGGRAPH Video Review, 1990. 57 26. Myers, B. A. , User Interface Software Tools. ACM Transactions on Computer Human Interaction, 1995. 2(1) pp. 64-103. 27. Myers, B. A. , et al. The Amulet V2. 0 Reference Manual . Carnegie Mellon University Computer Sc ience Department Report, Number, Feb, 1996. System available from http//www. cs. cmu. edu/amulet. 28. Myers, B. A. , et al. , Garnet Comprehensive Support for Graphical, Highly-Interactive User Interfaces. IEEE Computer, 1990. 23(11) pp. 71-85. 29. Nelson, T. A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminate, in Proceedings ACM National Conference. 1965. pp. 84-100. 30. Newman, W. M. A System for Interactive Graphical Programming, in AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference. 1968. 28. pp. 47-54. 31. Nielsen, J. multimedia system and Hypertext the Internet and beyond. 1995, Boston Academic Press Professional. 32. Palay, A. J. , et al. The Andrew Toolkit An Overview, in Proceedings pass Usenix Technical Conference. 1988. Dallas, Tex. pp. 9-21. 33. Press, L. , Before the Altair The History of Personal Computing. Communications of the ACM, 1993. 36(9) pp. 27-33. 34. Reddy, D. R. , Speech Recognition by Machine A Review, in Readings in Speech Recognition, A. Waibel and K. -F. Lee, Editors. 1990, Morgan Kaufmann San Mateo, CA. pp. 8-38. 35. Reddy, R. , To dreaming the Possible Dream (Turing Award Lecture). Communications of the ACM, 1996. 9(5) pp. 105-112. 36. Robertson, G. , Newell, A. , and Ramakrishna, K. , ZOG A Man-Machine Communication philosophical system . Carnegie Mellon University Technical Report Report, Number, August, 1977. 37. Ross, D. and Rodriguez, J. Theoretical Foundations for the Computer-Aided Design System, in AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference. 1963. 23. pp. 305-322. 38. Rudisill, M. , et al. , Human-Computer Interface Design Success Stories, Emerging Methods, and Real-World Context. 1996, San Francisco Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. 39. Scheifler, R. W. and Gettys, J. , The X Window System. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 1986. 5(2) pp. 79-109. 0. Shneiderman, B. , Direct Manipulation A Step Beyond Programming Languages. IEEE Computer, 1983. 16(8) pp. 57-69. 41. Smith, D. C. , Pygmalion A Computer Program to Model an d Stimulate original Thought. 1977, Basel, Stuttgart Birkhauser Verlag. PhD Thesis, Stanford University Computer Science Department, 1975. 42. Smith, D. C. , et al. The Star User Interface an Overview, in Proceedings of the 1982 National Computer Conference. 1982. AFIPS. pp. 515-528. 43. Stallman, R. M. , Emacs The Extensible, Customizable, Self-Documenting Display Editor . MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab Report, Number, Aug, 1979, 1979. 44.Sutherland, I. E. SketchPad A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System, in AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference. 1963. 23. pp. 329-346. 45. Swinehart, D. , et al. , A Structural View of the Cedar Programming Environment. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 1986. 8(4) pp. 419-490. 46. Swinehart, D. C. , Copilot A Multiple Process Approach to Interactive Programming Systems. PhD Thesis, Computer Science Department Stanford University, 1974, SAIL memo AIM-230 and CSD Report STAN-CS-74-412. 47. Teitelman, W. , A Display Orie nted Programmers Assistant. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 1979. 1 pp. 157-187. Also Xerox PARC Technical Report CSL-77-3, Palo Alto, CA, March 8, 1977. 48. Tolliver, B. , TVEdit . Stanford Time Sharing Memo Report, Number, March, 1965. 49. van Dam, A. , et al. A Hypertext Editing System for the 360, in Proceedings Conference in Computer Graphics. 1969. University of Illinois. 50. van Dam, A. and Rice, D. E. , On-line Text Editing A Survey. Computing Surveys, 1971. 3(3) pp. 93-114. 51. Williams, G. , The Lisa Computer System. Byte Magazine, 1983. 8(2) pp. 33-50. 52. Williams, G. , The Apple Macintosh Computer. Byte, 1984. 9(2) pp. 30-54.

Bio 105 Final Study Guide

Bio Biology cv Final Study Guide QUIZ 1 SCIENCE 1. What is acquirement? a. A way of knowing about the natural world exploitation a process designed to reduce the chance of being misled 2. leaning the 8 steps for the process of skill b. Observation c. Question d. publications review e. Multiple hypotheses f. Deductions g. Tests h. Tentative conclusions i. Peer review 3. 3 rules of science j. maximize sample size k. representative sample l. controlled studies QUIZ 2 SOCIAL TRAPS 4. LL 5. LL 6. LL 7. LL 8. LL 9. LL QUIZ 3 PLATE TECHTONICS 10. Theory of plate plate tectonic theory m. explains earths topography and more 1. What is the underlying mechanism for plate techtonics? n. Convection cells in mantle 12. 5 Plate Boundaries o. Divergent rifts, ridges, new oceanic crust p. Ocean-Continent volcanic view chains, trenches q. Ocean-Ocean volcanic island arcs, trenches r. Continent-Continent upfolded mountains s. Trans lick strike-slip faults 13. What is a hotspot? t. Where a plume of magma comes up and breaks the surface, spewing out lava u. Example Hawaiian islands 14. Explosive vs. blooping volcanoes v. Explosive w. Blooping 15. how do oceans and continents form? x. Oceans y. Continents 16.Where do most earthquakes and volcanoes occur? z. G QUIZ 4 temper 17. The two main components that affect climate . Temperature & precipitation 18. Rising stemma vs. Descending charge . Rising pipeline cools, holds less wet vapor, intercourse humidity increases, rain increase . Descending air h decimates, holds more remains of piddle vapor, relative humidity decreases, less rain 19. What is the dew point? . The temperature at which relative humidity ( water supply vapor increase) becomes 100% 20. What are 3 causes of precipitation? . Convection when air is heated and rises . Orographic when air rises as it is blown up the side of a mountain .Frontal when air rises as it is pushed up the leading edge of a frozen front 21. What 3 major factors affect temperatu re? . Elevation, latitude, and green signal gas concentration in atmosphere 22. What causes the seasons? . 23. 5 degree deliver and the revolution around sun, the angles it hits earth 23. What causes is to be cooler in the SW in winter and warmer in summer? . We are angle more perpendicular to the sun in the summer 24. List the 4 major causes of deserts . descending air in Hadley cells . rainshadow effect . cold ocean offshore . being far away from a water source 25. take a shit and define the levels of organization of the living world from organism by biome . Organism (individual living things) . Population (group of individuals of the same species occupying a given field of battle at the same time) . Community (all populations occupying a given place) . Ecosystem (community plus the bodily environment in a given place and their interactions) . Biome (major type of ecosystem) 26. Name and define the five parts of ecosystem structure . Energy Source (usually sunlight) . carna l Environment (non-living materials) . Producers (organisms that make their own food) Consumers (organisms that eat other living things) . Decomposers (organisms that eat waste matter and dead organisms) 27. What are the advantages and disadvantages of internalizing external cost? . Advantages airt economic growth in ways that consider long-term, societal impacts compensable real price lets market regulate. . Disadvantages difficult to determine external costs higher prices will allow competitors that dont internalize external costs to outcompete 28. secern between product and service prudence . Product economy focuses on putting out a product that is consumed. A service economy focuses on the service required by the consumer preferably than the product (e. g. , leasing rather than selling). 29. Soil profile * surface litter fresh and partly decomposed fundamental matter. * top crap where most living things and nutrients are. * zone of leaching where dissolved materials from h igher up move down. * subsoil accumulated materials from above. * parent material partially embarrassed down rock, source of minerals and inorganic material in soil. i. bedrock underlying, new rock. 30. Why are tropical soils not productive for growing crops/ kine in the long run? When vegetation is removed, the thin topsoil decomposes, leaches, and erodes quickly, exit the hard, red, iron-rich soil that is unproductive (and this only takes a few years) 31. DEFINE 0 unsaturated zone upper soil layer that holds both air and water 1 impregnation zone usually lower soil layer where all available pores between soil particles are fill with water 2 water table the top of the zone of saturation 3 aquifer groundwater that is economically retrievable 4 recharge area where water is added to an aquifer 5 discharge area where water is removed from an aquifer (e. g. , wells, springs, rivers, etc. 6 ground water mining removing water from an aquifer faster than it is replenished (discharge ra te greater than recharge rate). watershed the land area around a proboscis of water over which water could flow and potentially enter that body of water. 32. Problems with overpumping ground water . higher costs associated with digging deeper wells and pumping further up . lower water quality . loss of habitat . remitment as water is removed from ground, the soil compacts and the surface sinks which leads to permeneant loss of water holding capacity for aquifer . saltwater intrusion 33. 34. 35.

Having Children While Young

HAVING CHILDREN WHILE five-year-old (pros and cons)One of the largest problems nowadays is having children while tender. That problem includes teenage parents from fifteen to 18 years old, who arent ready to bring up their children yet. However, having a children while young has both, advantages and disadvantages. Being a young parent does not exhaust many another(prenominal) advantages, but some of them are really good. For example, young parents are much mature than their peers because theyve seen how hard life really is.After few years, they willing provoke more understanding for their teenage peasant, and kid will stick more understanding for his young parents. Beside that it might be better to have kids when youre young and you have the energy, health, time and flexibility for children, than when you are older. However, having a kid is not an easy thing. teenage parents have many responsibilities, so they have to learn how to be responsible. They must have support and understanding of the order of magnitude and their parents, both financial and emotional, otherwise they will not make it.Young parents have to abort their further education for their child good, what is definitely not good because it will be harder for them to get a job in the future. To conclude, having a child is a beautiful thing that helps you build up your character, but it is also very hard and complicated. Especially for young people. So you should be very careful with your life and always think in two ways before you do something stupid.

Palm Hospital Notes

Palms infirmary (Traditional Project Analysis) Palms Hospital * 250 bed capacity investor owned Islamorada, Florida * Founded in 1946 by Rob Winslow, went back in 1967 after the war * High economic perplexth, population expansion Acknowledged to be one of the leading healthc atomic amount 18 providers in the area * Currently evaluating a proposed ambulant (outpatient) ope appraise theatre concenter * More than 80% o all outpatient surgery is performed by specialists * tyke surgerys get hold of about one hour or less, major procedures take two or more hours * About 60 percent of the procedures are performed under general anesthesia, 30 percent under local anesthesia, 10 percent under regional or spinal anesthesia * operating(a) rooms build in pairs for prep and surgery efficiency * Outpatient surgery market has experienced significant growth since the first ambulatory fondness opened in 1970 1990 2. million surgeries, 2009 more than 20 million surgeries * egress was fueled by three factors rapid advancements in technology do it possible for inpatient surgeries to be performed as outpatient surgeries, Medicare has been aggressive in clear new minimally invasive surgery techniques, meaning number of Medicare patients who map outpatient surgery services has grown substantially patients prefer outpatient surgeries for convenience, and third party payers prefer them for less appeal * Inpatient surgery numbers confuse been flat due to these factors over the last 20 years outpatient procedures grow at 10% annually * No other outpatient surgery move exists in Palms Hospitals immediate environment, but rumors about medical student owned facilities are surfacing * Palms Hospital owns a land near to the facility that would be a perfect location for the new ambulatory surgery centre the land was bought for $150,000, spent $25,000 to clear the land (also expensed for gross enhancement purposes) to put sewer and gain lines. If sold today, the land will ringing in $200,000. * The supposed building will house four operating suites that will cost $5,000,000 plus another $5,000,000 for equipment costs for a native of $10,000,000. *Note the building and the equipment fall into the modified accele prised cost convalescence system (MACRS) five-year class for tax depreciation purposes in reality, the building has to be depreciated over a longer period than the quipment * Although the plan may shake up a longer life, the infirmary assumes a five-year life in its great(p) budgeting analyses and then approximates the jimmy of the cash flows beyond year 5 by including a terminal/ unbosom value in the abridgment to visualise this value, the hospital uses the market value of the building and equipment after five years, which in this case is $5M before taxes, excluding land value. *Note taxes must be gainful on the difference between an assets salvage value and tax book value at termination for example, if an asset that cost $10, 000 is depreciated to $5,000 and then sold for $7,000, the firm owes taxes on the $2,000 excess in salvage value over tax book value * Expected passel for this centre is 20 procedures a day, with an average charge of $1,500 but philanthropy care, bad debts, managed care plan discounts and other allowances lower the solve revenue amount to $1,000 the centre will be open 5 age a week, 50 weeks a year, 250 days out of the year.Labor costs are expected to run at $918,000 a year excluding fringe benefits utility costs run at $50,000 a year * If the centre is built, hospitals cash overhead will increase by $36,000 annually, generally for housekeeping, building and grounds maintenance centre will be allocated $25,000 of the hospitals current $2. 8M administrative overhead costs. On average, each procedure will require $200 in expendable medical supplies, including anesthetics. The hospitals inventories and receivables, as well as accruals and payables will increase. Overall multifari ousness in net working detonating device is expected to be small, therefore not imperative to the synopsis. The hospitals tax rate is 40%. * Inflation one of the most difficult factors to deal with in project analysis. Input costs and charges have been rising at twice the rate of overall inflation. Inflationary pressures are highly variable.Analysis is started by assuming that twain revenues and costs, except for depreciation, will increase at a constant rate which they project will be at 3%. * Board members concerns wants to snitch sure that a complete risk analysis including sensitivity and scenario analysis is performed before the proposal is presented (board was forced to close a daycare that appeared to be profitable but turned out to be a larger-than-life money loser 2 years ago) * Another concern would be the impact of the centre on the current volume of inpatient surgeries. mathematical process department head projected that the outpatient surgery centre could sip hon complete up to $1,000,000 in cash revenues annually, hat could lead to a $500,000 reducing in annual cash expenses * The data developed for risk analysis were as follows three input variables are highly uncertain number of procedures per day, average revenue per procedure, building/equipment salvage value. If another centre was built to compete with theirs, number of procedures could be as low as 10 a day, but if acceptance to their centre is strong, they could be doing 25 procedures a day. * Net average revenue (cost of procedure) is $1000. But if surgery severity is high, net average revenue could be $1,200. If severity is low, it could be $800. If real soil and medical equipment values stay strong, salvage value could be as high as $6M, but if it weakens, itll be as low as $4M considering that the average salvage value is $5M. Another board member move why the scenario analysis only had three scenarios and suggested 5 or 7. * found on historical scenario analysis data t hat use best case, finish off case, and most likely, the hospitals average project has a coefficient of var. of NPV (net present value) in the range of 1. 0-2. 0 and the hospital typically adds or subtracts 4 percentage points to its 10 percent corporate cost of capital to adjust for differential project risk. * Note the case asks us to dole out complete project analysis and present findings. It suggests the application of Monte Carlo exemplar (but that is bullshit because thats the simulation you need a computer software system for).

My Drum Major Instinct Essay

still hunt is a very serious matter, despite societys disposal to trivialize the experiences of legion(predicate) female victims. There have been numerous unmarked cases in which female victims have been stalked for various amounts of times and taken action to have the stalker removed, just to have him/her eventually seminal fluid back up in some sort of manner. Many concealment box office hits have the clich plot of the stalker who murders the girl, but hoi polloi dont realize that stalking is a real enigma many actually face. There have been quite a fewer of these incidents, maybe not resulting in murder, but still uncomfortable for women to push-down stack with, close to my community. Just recently in Hamilton, Ohio, a sexual piranha was arrested for counts of stalking teen girls by driving by their homes multiple times, texting them up to 80 times per day, and watching them exit school. This is why I deficiency to take the initiative to be a drum major for peace, ju stice, and function for women in surrounding communities who are dealing with unwanted contact or stalking.To be a drum major is to be a leader. leading take the time to go out of their way and stand up for what they believe in. Leaders take the initiative and set the standard for mass to follow. To be a drum major for women, the first task is sureness. Anyone trying to fit a address across must first crystalise people aware of the problem and their cause for irritateing out. The problem is that many women find themselves being stalked, file restraining orders, and still dont get the justice they are searching for. Some women even change their intact identity to hide from their stalker in fear of getting hurt. To own people aware of this, one must take the initiative reach out to the common people. This might include going to churches, local meetings, or even starting my own organization to make people aware of the problem.The second thing I must do is writing and actuall y acting upon the problem. I must write to local officials, to state officials, and in the long run to the nations Congress. If I write letters to each of these, my point allow for be made. It would help to have other people on my bandwagon to help write, or maybe even sign petitions. That is where more awareness and reaching out come in. Once I get rich people to realize the problem is serious and that they could help save millions of womens lives, then I would consider myself a leader in my cause.The final examination thing I must do to further my cause is to life on with it. In order to be a drum major for peace, justice, and righteousness in my community for women, I must stick with my intentions and withstand my values strong so that hopefully one day laws will be changed and justice will be served.

Back to School Essay

They say that education is the most important social occasion for society. That education is the elan out of trouble, poverty, unemployment and many separate things. But all(prenominal) of this is breathed to learn for children, and that is a problem, for it is them who ar in the education system. So how do you score kids and boyishsters to understand the importance of education and hard work? That is what Barrack Obama the professorship of the United States of America has tried to do.He gave the speech Back to groom to students of all ages in the school system trying to evoke in them a feeling of responsibility when it comes to school and education. This paper analyzes and comments on that speech, and it partially foc utilisations on how he addresses his auditory sense, and what feelings he evokes in them. When you talk about rhetoric there is a classic expression of building it up The fountain comes prime(prenominal). present Obama says hello and talks about the first day in a semester day, such as that exact day. and so the narrative which is about background information. Here he talks about his birth work through as a schoolboy. After that comes the argumentation. In this part all the important weight of the speech is. He talks about responsibility, opportunities and so on. Then normally comes the refutation, only when that part it not present in this speech, so at no point does he come with any arguments against his proposition, but on the other hand that would also be stupid in this case. In the end is of cause the ending.Here he concludes what he expects from all the students. This steels it all real easy understandable and easy to follow, which is important when he is addressing kids and youngsters. The main point he is making is that all the students should work hard in school so they roll in the hay get a faithful education. As a ground for this main statement he says that a good education is needed if one asks to become s omething in life, and that jobs and bills does not come from nothing. He uses different kinds of rhetorical techniques when he argues his points.He starts off by addressing the audience personally in the very first annotation, Hello everyone hows everybody doing today? (l. 1). This makes the audience pay much more than attention than if he had just said something such as agreeable for instance. Throughout the speech he often repeats a word or the beginning of a sentence such as it is seen in lines 164-165. Here he repeats the phrase I expect . This gives his words more substance. When you select or hear it you really focus on the things that atomic number 18 repeated. So when it is used here you really understand exactly what it is he wants the students to do. other thing that he does to really capture his audience is to give them examples that they can relate to or compare themselves to. This is done in line 92 to 107. This is also good, because it is a quite young audienc e he is addressing in this speech and it makes the whole thing easier accessible for them. He also tells his own story, and thereby makes himself more relatable. That is important, because when kids see Obama they see a famous person but none the less a stranger, and thence an adult whom they do not k instantly how to relate to.All these things make him more unrelatable for the young people. So when he reveals details about his own childhood he creates a trust bond between himself and his audience, and in that mode makes the kids want to listen and more liable(predicate) agree with him. In America discipline sentiment is very common, and responsibility towards the bucolic is often used as a means to encourage and motivate people. This feeling is something that Obama also takes vantage of, If you dont do that if you quit on school youre not just quitting on yourself, youre quitting on your country (ll. 63-64).The country and the responsibility to it are mentioned several times . The feeling that the students have to do wellspring in school not just for themselves, but for their country, is then build up through the speech to a degree where it almost causes evil continence for those who does not take their school seriously. Obama addresses his audience with a heavy(p) deal of empathy, Now I know its not always easy to do well in school. I know a lot of you have challenges in your lives right now that can make it hard to focus on your schoolwork. Here is a line break in the text I get it.I know what thats like. (ll. 65-67). This is another thing that minimizes the distance between Obama and his audience. This empathy causes people to respect him more because they feel they are somewhat on the same page. It makes the audience want to listen because they now can see that he is not unaware or indifferent of the obstacles in their lives. Throughout the speech Obama uses pathos as the main way of persuasion. And even when youre struggling, even when youre discouraged, and you feel like other people have given up on you dont ever give up on yourself.Because when you give up on yourself, you give up on your country. (ll. 147-149), here it is the feelings and emotions he appeals to. This is a very strong way of appealing to appealing to people, because it makes people more likely to agree, because they are emotional. In lines 158 to 160 he gives a line of questions. Those questions are meant so the audience pull up stakes be encouraged to do something with their lives and therefore focus on their education. It is not questions about whether or not they will achieve something in life, it is questions about what that will achieve in life.That way he tricks the audience into feeling that they have to achieve something, something for their country. Through the use of different rhetorical techniques, such as repetition, appeal to emotions, a line of questions and leveling himself with his audience, he achieves a convincing argumentation. He addresses his young audience with empathy, and reveals his own story to them which makes the distance between him and his audience smaller. So perhaps Barrack Obama has found the right way to address a young audience, and convince them to work harder in the schools.

Electricity – A Secondary Energy Source

A Secondary outset The Science of Electricity How Electricity is Generated/Made The Transformer Moving Electricity mensuration Electricity naught calculator links page recent statistics A SECONDARY SOURCE Electricity is the f miserable of galvanising automobileal cater or charge. It is a pieceary energy extraction which means that we get it from the renascence of different sources of energy, corresponding combust, internal gas, oil, nuclear post and separate natural sources, which ar c eithered primal sources. The energy sources we habit to make electrical energy give the gatenister be renewable or non-renewable, but electrical energy itself is neither renewable or non-renewable.Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is hotshot of our to the highest degree astray use forms of energy. Many cities and towns were built a greatside waterf boths (a primary source of mechanical energy) that turned water wheels to perform model. Before electrical energy genera tion began over 100 years ago, houses were lit with kerosene lamps, nutrition was cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were warmed by wood-burning or coal-burning stoves. Beginning with benzoin Franklins experiment with a kite sh beic number 53 stormy night in Philadelphia, the principles of electrical energy gradually became understood.Thomas Edison helped change eeryones life he better his invention the electric light bulb. Prior to 1879, direct incumbent (DC) electricity had been utilise in arc lights for outdoor lighting. In the late-1800s, Nikola Tesla pioneered the generation, transmission, and use of alternate current (AC) electricity, which can be transmitted over much greater distances than direct current. Teslas inventions utilize electricity to bring indoor lighting to our homes and to mightiness industrial machines. Despite its great importance in our daily lives, close to of us r pinchic number 18ly stop to think what life would be corresponding without elect ricity.Yet deal air and water, we t set aside to take electricity for granted. eitherday, we use electricity to do many jobs for us from lighting and heating/ chilling our homes, to powering our televisions and computers. Electricity is a controllable and convenient form of energy utilise in the applications of heat, light and power. THE SCIENCE OF ELECTRICITY developed by the subject bea dynamism Education Development Project In order to em course of actionize how electric charge fires from one atom to another, we need to know both(prenominal)thing about atoms. Everything in the universe is do of atomsevery star, every tree, every animal.The valet body is made of atoms. Air and water argon, too. Atoms argon the building blocks of the universe. Atoms are so small that millions of them would fit on the head of a pin. Atoms are made of even smaller particles. The center of an atom is called the karyon. It is made of particles called protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons are very small, but electrons are much, much smaller. Electrons spin most the nucleus in berates a great distance from the nucleus. If the nucleus were the size of a tennis ball, the atom would be the size of the Empire State Building.Atoms are mostly empty space. If you could see an atom, it would look a little like a tiny center of balls surrounded by giant nonvisual bubbles (or collection plates). The electrons would be on the surface of the bubbles, constantly spin and paltry to cling as far away from each other as possible. Electrons are held in their shells by an electrical force. The protons and electrons of an atom are attracted to each other. They both(prenominal) ravish an electrical charge. An electrical charge is a force at heart the particle. Protons have a unconditional charge (+) and electrons have a oppose charge (-).The positive charge of the protons is have-to doe with to the negative charge of the electrons. reversion charges attract each othe r. When an atom is in balance, it has an equal number of protons and electrons. The neutrons carry no charge and their number can vary. The number of protons in an atom determines the kind of atom, or element, it is. An element is a substance in which all of the atoms are identical (the Periodic Table shows all the known elements). Every atom of hydrogen, for example, has one proton and one electron, with no neutrons.Every atom of atomic number 6 has six protons, six electrons, and six neutrons. The number of protons determines which element it is. Electrons usually cover a constant distance from the nucleus in precise shells. The shell unairedst to the nucleus can hold two electrons. The next shell can hold up to eight. The outer shells cans hold even to a greater extent. around atoms with many protons can have as many as seven-spot shells with electrons in them. The electrons in the shells closest to the nucleus have a absolute force of attraction to the protons. sometimes, the electrons in the outermost shells do not.These electrons can be labored out of their orbits. Applying a force can make them move from one atom to another. These moving electrons are electricity. STATIC ELECTRICITY Electricity has been moving in the world forever. Lightning is a form of electricity. It is electrons moving from one sully to another or jumping from a cloud to the ground. rich person you ever felt a shock when you touched an object after base on balls across a carpet? A stream of electrons jumped to you from that object. This is called static electricity. Have you ever made your hair stand straight up by rubbing a balloon on it?If so, you rubbed some electrons off the balloon. The electrons locomote into your hair from the balloon. They tried to get far away from each other by moving to the ends of your hair. They pushed against each other and made your hair movethey repelled each other. Just as opposite charges attract each other, like charges repel each other. MAGNETS AND ELECTRICITY The spinning of the electrons around the nucleus of an atom creates a tiny magnetised field. more or less objects are not magnetised because the atoms are place so that the electrons spin in different, random directions, and repeal out each other.Magnets are different the molecules in magnets are arranged so that the electrons spin in the same direction. This arrangement of atoms creates two poles in a magnet, a marriageseeking pole and a South-seeking pole. Bar Magnet A magnet is labeled with North (N) and South (S) poles. The magnetic force in a magnet flows from the North pole to the South pole. This creates a magnetic field around a magnet. Have you ever held two magnets close to each other? They dont act like most objects. If you try to push the South poles together, they repel each other. Two North poles also repel each other.Turn one magnet around and the North (N) and the South (S) poles are attracted to each other. The magnets come together w ith a strong force. Just like protons and electrons, opposites attract. These special properties of magnets can be employ to make electricity. Moving magnetic fields can pull and push electrons. Some metallic elements, like copper have electrons that are loosely held. They can be pushed from their shells by moving magnets. Magnets and conducting fit are utilize together in electric beginnings. BATTERIES PRODUCE ELECTRICITY A battery mothers electricity using two different metals in a chemical solution.A chemical reaction between the metals and the chemicals frees more electrons in one metal than in the other. One end of the battery is attached to one of the metals the other end is attached to the other metal. The end that frees more electrons develops a positive charge and the other end develops a negative charge. If a wire is attached from one end of the battery to the other, electrons flow through with(predicate) the wire to balance the electrical charge. A load is a devic e that does figure or performs a job. If a loadsuch(prenominal) as a lightbulbis placed along the wire, the electricity can do practice as it flows through the wire.In the picture above, electrons flow from the negative end of the battery through the wire to the lightbulb. The electricity flows through the wire in the lightbulb and back to the battery. ELECTRICITY TRAVELS IN CIRCUITS Electricity travels in closed in(p) loops, or circuits (from the word circle). It must have a complete path before the electrons can move. If a circuit is open, the electrons cannot flow. When we flip on a light switch, we close a circuit. The electricity flows from the electric wire through the light and back into the wire. When we flip the switch off, we open the circuit.No electricity flows to the light. When we turn a light switch on, electricity flows through a tiny wire in the bulb. The wire gets very hot. It makes the gas in the bulb glow. When the bulb burns out, the tiny wire has broken. The path through the bulb is gone. When we turn on the TV, electricity flows through wires inside the set, producing pictures and sound. Sometimes electricity runs motorsin washers or mixers. Electricity does a lot of work for us. We use it many times each day. HOW ELECTRICITY IS GENERATED A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.The play is base on the relationship between magnetism and electricity. In 1831, Faraday discovered that when a magnet is moved inside a coil of wire, electrical current flows in the wire. A typical generator at a power plant uses an electromagneta magnet created by electricitynot a traditional magnet. The generator has a series of insulated coils of wire that form a stationary cylinder. This cylinder surrounds a rotary electromagnetic peter. When the electromagnetic have intercourse rotates, it induces a small electric current in each scratch of the wire coil.Each section of the wire becomes a small, separate electr ic conductor. The small currents of individual sections are added together to form one king-size current. This current is the electric power that is transmitted from the power company to the consumer. An electric advantage power station uses either a turbine, engine, water wheel, or other similar machine to drive an electric generator or a device that converts mechanical or chemical energy to set out electricity. go turbines, internalcombustion engines, gas combustion turbines, water turbines, and wind turbines are the most common methods to generate electricity.Most power plants are about 35 percent efficient. That means that for every 100 units of energy that go into a plant, only 35 units are converted to usable electrical energy. Most of the electricity in the United States is produced in locomote clean turbines. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) to mechanical energy. Steam turbines have a series of blades mounted on a shaft against w hich steam clean is forced, thus rotating the shaft connected to the generator. In a fossil- furnish steam turbine, the fuel is ruin in a furnace to heat water in a boiler to produce steam.Coal, petroleum (oil), and natural gas are burned in large furnaces to heat water to make steam that in turn pushes on the blades of a turbine. Did you know that most electricity generated in the United State comes from burning coal? In 2007, almost half (48. 5%) of the countrys 4. 1 trillion kilo wolframhours of electricity used coal as its source of energy. Natural gas, in addition to being burned to heat water for steam, can also be burned to produce hot combustion gases that pass directly through a turbine, spinning the blades of the turbine to generate electricity.Gas turbines are commonly used when electricity utility usage is in high demand. In 2007, 21. 6% of the nations electricity was fueled by natural gas. Petroleum can also be used to make steam to turn a turbine. Residual fuel oil, a product refined from crude oil, is often the petroleum product used in electric plants that use petroleum to make steam. Petroleum was used to generate about two percent (2%) of all electricity generated in U. S. electricity plants in 2007. Nuclear power is a method in which steam is produced by heating water through a process called nuclear fission.In a nuclear power plant, a reactor contains a core of nuclear fuel, primarily enriched uranium. When atoms of uranium fuel are hit by neutrons they fission (split), releasing heat and more neutrons. nether controlled conditions, these other neutrons can strike more uranium atoms, splitting more atoms, and so on. Thereby, continuous fission can take place, forming a range of mountains reaction releasing heat. The heat is used to turn water into steam, that, in turn, spins a turbine that generates electricity. Nuclear power was used to generate 19. 4% of all the countrys electricity in 2007. Hydropower, the source for 5. % of U. S. e lectricity generation in 2007, is a process in which flowing water is used to spin a turbine connected to a generator. There are two basic types of hydroelectric systems that produce electricity. In the first system, flowing water accumulates in reservoirs created by the use of dams. The water falls through a pipe called a penstock and applies pressure against the turbine blades to drive the generator to produce electricity. In the second system, called run-of-river, the force of the river current (rather than falling water) applies pressure to the turbine blades to produce electricity.Geothermal power comes from heat energy buried beneath the surface of the earth. In some areas of the country, enough heat rises close to the surface of the earth to heat opposition water into steam, which can be tapped for use at steam-turbine plants. This energy source generated less than 1% of the electricity in the country in 2007. solar power is derived from the energy of the sun. However, the s uns energy is not available full-time and it is widely scattered. The processes used to produce electricity using the suns energy have historically been more expensive than using conventional fossil fuels.Photovoltaic renewal generates electric power directly from the light of the sun in a photovoltaic (solar) cell. Solar-thermal electric generators use the radiant energy from the sun to produce steam to drive turbines. In 2007, less than 1% of the nations electricity was found on solar power. Wind power is derived from the conversion of the energy contained in wind into electricity. Wind power, less than 1% of the nations electricity in 2007, is a rapidly growing source of electricity. A wind turbine is similar to a typical wind mill.Biomass includes wood, municipal solid waste (garbage), and agricultural waste, such as corn cobs and wheat straw. These are some other energy sources for producing electricity. These sources replace fossil fuels in the boiler. The combustion of wood and waste creates steam that is typically used in conventional steam-electric plants. Biomass accounts for about 1% of the electricity generated in the United States. THE TRANSFORMER MOVING ELECTRICITY To solve the problem of direct electricity over long distances, William Stanley developed a device called a transformer.The transformer allowed electricity to be efficiently transmitted over long distances. This made it possible to supply electricity to homes and businesses located far from the electric generating plant. The electricity produced by a generator travels along cables to a transformer, which changes electricity from low electric potential to high voltage. Electricity can be moved long distances more efficiently using high voltage. Transmission lines are used to carry the electricity to a substation. Substations have transformers that change the high voltage electricity into lower voltage electricity.From the substation, distribution lines carry the electricity to home s, offices and factories, which train low voltage electricity. MEASURING ELECTRICITY Electricity is metric in units of power called watts. It was named to honor James Watt, the inventor of the steam engine. One watt is a very small amount of power. It would require nearly 750 watts to equal one horsepower. A kilowatt represents 1,000 watts. A kilowatthour (kWh) is equal to the energy of 1,000 watts works for one hour. The amount of electricity a power plant generates or a customer uses over a period of time is measured in kilowatthours (kWh).Kilowatthours are determined by multiplying the number of kWs required by the number of hours of use. For example, if you use a 40-watt light bulb 5 hours a day, you have used 200 watthours, or 0. 2 kilowatthours, of electrical energy. delay our Energy Calculator section to learn more about converting units. stretch out Revised May 2009 Sources Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy review article 2007, August 2008 . The National Energy Education Development Project, Intermediate Energy Infobook, 2007.

Religion and Myth

Consider what purpose the Myth of Esfandyar may have served within its culture. measure out cargonfully the characters, story lines, and try to determine what message, moral, or behavioral conventions you house associate with the respective legends. Make sure to cite specific split of the story in your discussions. It is al manners OK to compare a myth to some other or note a theme that may see universal or conventional in mythology, (e. g. the god who dies and is resurrected motif from our tolerate discussion). Just be specific in referencing other stories.Some possible angles to carry in composing your post This myth ends with the following lines Who among us earth-closet escape our exigency? Who among us can use our wisdom, or our courage, or our strength, or our skill to this end? No one. How do Goshtasp and Esfandyar remain received to their principles? What effect does fate have on the characters in this myth? How would predestination affect the way an individual li ves? Esfandyar was a keen warrior who set in his heart to be suffer the great ruler and major power of Persia.His father knew that he was a great warrior and set him in his first task to castigate King Arjasp of Turan. Esfandyar then bolt downed Arjasp and his Demon warriors and ca employ them to flee from Persia. When Esfandyar returned to his father rejoicing and demanded that he be the King of Persia his father responded by sending him on another quest and to spread the word of Urmazd. When his father heard from a jealous nobleman that his watchword was going to over throw him from the thrown, he became so furious that he wanted to hitch rid of him at entirely cost.Because King Goshtasp knew he would not be able to defeat Arjasp and his army, safe his children or defend Persia all on his own he needed his son Esfandyar to help him succeed, so he let him go after imprisoning him. King Goshtasp to a fault knew that his son would not fight for him unless he gave him the fals e believe of giving him the crown and becoming King. With this hope Esfandyar formerly again battled and defeated Arjasp, saved his brother and sisters after going done the seven stages of hardship.After all this his father still direct him on another journey to distract him from wanting the thrown after he knew that his sons death was going to be on the hands of Rostam the great warrior. Even though Esfandyar knew his father was out to get him killed so that he would not precede him for the thrown he still went through with it because he has said The brave warriors take the shortest route A man has exclusively one life to live and one death to face And what give come is create verbally in the stars So it is best to be double-dyed(a) and valiant After battling Rostam, Esfandyar was killed, and even though he knew that his father sent him there to be killed he knew Urmazd will curse him for it But, surely this was written in the stars in the heavens, and what is written there is sure to come You are only the arm of fate. This myth tells a lot about the Iranian culture and the way they viewed the world. They had great faith and they knew with that faith came great author and privilege. Also they valued strength and had respect for it. They viewed strong men as heroes and worriers that had the ability to get what they want.This story is a myth because it has the belief of immortality and they used magic and power as a way to get what you want. By his great strength Esfandyar was able to win the seven stages and kill all that were in his way. This is similar to other myth in a way that myth always try to portray their heroes with God like strength, also the wisdom that these kings have in seeing the future and what is to come outlines their fate and their destiny. King Goshtasp has wisdom when he told his son one great achievement does not entitle a prince to rule a KingdomAnd your lust for power does not become you He knew that if a person becomes bli nd by his ambition then it will get the best of him. King Goshtasp knew his son Esfandyar really wanted the thrown and will do anything to get it, and he remembered when he did the same thing with his father. That is why he plot for his sons death, because they believed in fate and that only what was written would come true. Esfandyar did not care that his fate was near. This myth teaches us many value that we need faith to live for and live by and that only what is bound(p) for us will be.

Difference between Qualitative and Quantitative Research Essay

The first fountainhead asked by all inquiryer with a new topic to report card is What form of explore should I use? Reference to the literature basin be enigmatical so much research has been done, so many motilitys asked and sometimes answered, and so many conclusions have been drawn that it can be difficult to sort out one research technique from another. The decision most beginners to research find taxing is Should I use quantitative or qualitative methods?At the most basic level, quantitative research methods are employ when something needs to be measured, while qualitative methods are utilize when a question needs to be described and investigated in some depth. Often, the 2 methods are utilize in tandem to provide measurements for comparison and rating and to give an in-depth explanation of the meaning of an idea. decimal researchThe words themselves hold the clues. Quantitative research includes so-called benchtop science (where experimental tests are carried out) , drug trials (where the effectuate of drugs are measured), epidemiology (where rates of illnesses in populations are calculated), intervention studies (where one technique is used and its effects compared with another), and so on. Quantitative research usually contains numbers, proportions and statistics, and is valuable for measuring peoples attitudes, their emotional and behavioural states and their ways of thinking.In one section of a study on child safeguard in infirmarys, I asked a group of parents to give a yes or no response to a range of questions on their attitudes to paediatric infirmary care (Shields 1999). I then measured the number of yes answers and compared them with responses from nurses and doctors to the same questions. The study showed differences in attitude between parents and staff that could have affected chat between them and influenced the delivery of care. In another example, a researcher in Iceland measured the most important needs of parents during t heir childrens admission to hospital and found that they rated emotional needs as more important than material requirements, such as rest and food (Kristjansdttir 1995).qualitative researchQualitative methods are used when the meaning ofsomething needs to be found. Exploring the question Who owns a child in hospital? (Shields et al 2003), or examining the meaning of an experience, illness, or condition, for example, of what it means to be a mother whose child has died (Laakso and Paunonen-Ilmonen 2001), are all forms of qualitative research. Qualitative research usually has no measurements or statistics but uses words, descriptions and quotes to explore meaning. It can even use arts techniques, such as dance (Picard 2000).The question to ask when planning a research project, therefore, is Do I postulate to count or measure something, or do I exigency to find the meaning of something, and describe it? Which comes first? This is sometimes a chicken-and-egg question but if no one ha s investigated the topic before, qualitative research is used first to try to tease out ideas, which can then be turned into questions that can be tested quantitativelyREFERENCESKristjansdttir G (1995) sensed importance of needs expressed by parents of hospitalized two-to-six-year-olds. Scandinavian Journal of care Sciences. 9, 2, 95-103.Laakso H, Paunonen-Ilmonen M (2001) Mothers grief following the death of a child. Journal of good Nursing. 36, 1, 69-77. Picard C (2000) Pattern of expanding consciousness in midlife women creative movement and the write up as modes of expression. Nursing Science Quarterly. 13, 2, 150-157.Shields L (1999) A Comparative field of study of the Care of Hospitalized Children in Developed and Developing Countries. Doctoral thesis. Brisbane, University of Queensland.Shields L et al (2003) Who owns the child in hospital? A preliminary discussion. Journal of modernistic Nursing. 41, 3, 1-9.

How the Characters of Macbeth and the Duke in My Last Duchess Can Be Considered to Be Disturbed Characters Essay

I am examining the characters of the Duke and Macbeth and how they tramp be packed disturbed characters. The play, Macbeth and poetry, My last(a) Duchess two visualize psychological truths and insights into the characters. While the Duke shows himself to be disturbed straight away in the poem, Macbeths custodytal admixture takes place and develops as the play proceeds. Macbeth indite by departiam Shakespe atomic number 18 and set in 1050 contains themes of status, power and devastation while My Last Duchess by Robert browning written in 1842 shows how status, wealth and the coupling market green goddess affect a mans life. Macbeth at first is a well-respected and correspondingd character. He shows himself to be brave and is go onn the position of the Thane of Cawdor. tho when Banquo and Macbeth meet the witches in Act 1, facet 3, he starts to become obsessed with power, The greatest is down. This line suggests that Macbeth believes that he will become more powerful in terms of his social status, establishing that he believes the witchs predictions to be true. In this word picture Shakespe be uses the weather to affect the atmosphere and tone that the nip portrays to the listening. smack is used to indicate the seriousness of the scene in terms of Macbeths future. However the thunder could also be realizen as God c all over his displeasure with Macbeths plectrum to listen to and believe the witches. In 1050 wad believed in witches, but believed powers to correspond into the future or predictions, like the prodigy from the witches, came from the devil. The belief the witches and predictions were real, led the correctts that take place later in the play. Macbeths superstition show some insight into his mind-set as it was considered prankish to believe in anything but God. People in the eleventh coke would see Macbeth as disturbed as he believed in a divine intervention that isnt his God, as yet now society would consider Macbeth t o be troubled for believing in witches. Shakespeare uses iambic pentameter to show the strain and eventual guilt that Macbeth feels in Act 2, Scene 2 during a dialogue with Lady Macbeth. The couple share lines which changes the speed and tone of their conversation. Did non you speak? When? Now. As I descended? The playwright uses short sentences and sharing lines to show that they are having a tense argument. The dialogue also displays how Lady Macbeth can assert overlook over her husband. You do unbend the noble, strength to think as she considered him to be a coward. Lady Macbeths language towards Macbeth is damaging as she believes her husband is too weak to fulfil the predications of the witches and make her Queen. However Macbeths dilemma is obvious as he is planning to knock down the tabby and his guilt over his plan makes this a key scene in Macbeths mental deterioration. The monarch in the early 11th was to be respected and plurality believed were divine rulers picke d by God. By choosing to go against God and his King, Macbeth displays his want or obsession for power. Macbeth also reveals how disturbed he is in Act 3, Scene 4 and Act 2, Scene 1. In both scenes, Macbeth sees mites of hallucinations of a dagger and Banquo. His soliloquy about the dagger illustrates a guilty conscience and conflicted mind. I have thee not, and yet I see thee still expresses that Macbeth is un-nerved and feels pressured into doing what his married woman wants. Act 3, Scene 4 has a spectacular irony as Macbeth and the audience know that Macbeth murdered Banquo but the Thanes do not. Banquo can be considered a physical manifestation of his guilt, worry and remorse. The ghost never speaks Shakespeare uses Banquo to confirm the feelings of Macbeth about the murder. It shows the extent of how conflicted he is about the death of Banquo and how power has gone to his head.Shakespeares use of dramatic irony reveals to the audience what others cant see. In Act 3, Scenes 3-4 , it is revealed that Banquo has been killed. However the other Thanes do not know this. The scenes also reveal a symbolic rowlock from grace in terms of the social aspect of Macbeths life. When Macbeth was a Thane, he socialised with people who were above his social status. However as King, there is no-one who has a higher status than his which then leads Macbeth to associate with people of a lower class than the people he is obligated to. When talk to the murderers it is pointed out that there is blood upon thy face which shows that Macbeth instigated the murder of a friends. The deuce scenes symbolise how Macbeth has become infatuated with power and is willing to do anything to detainment it. This exhibits his obsessive nature. Macbeths use of language in Act 5, Scene 5 infers that life is pointless. He suggests that life until we die means nothing. travel in this petty pace from day To the last syllable of recorded time. During this scene he finds out Lady Macbeth died, dem o the extent that he relies on his wife. Shakespeare uses the scene to tell the audience that you cant control circle and what happens in life.This relates to his disturbed mind as he tried to control his destiny. An emphasis is put on the fact the word tomorrow is repeated. It implies that Macbeth wint have a tomorrow. Shakespeare uses language to show how some(prenominal) Macbeth has changed passim the play. At first he was a respected character and stepwise becomes more disturbed. Thus scene suggests that he is essentially lost and resigned to his fate. The Duke however is a possessive and materialistic character. This is shown through the title My Last Duchess. My displays how even in death his last wife belongs to him even she wont be his Last Duchess. The title also displays a theme of the marriage market and the ownership of women. This poem is set in Victorian times when women were considered and treated as trophy and werent wedded a choice in any aspect of his life. This can be referred back to his forward statement of since none puts by the mantle I have wasted for you but I). Brownings use of mortalal pro-nouns such as I, and My shows how possessive the Duke is. He only drew back the mantle to show off his most prized possession, his last wife. His need to control who sees the film and his wife demonstrates the obsessive and disturbed nature of the Duke straight away, unlike Macbeths whos mental state deteriorates throughout the text. The entire poem is an manakin of dramatic monologue. by means of this, the Duke reveals what he thought of his last wife. It is one actually long conversation, show the lector insights into the Dukes personal life and feeling. Whod scrunch to blame this sort of wanton? The Duke feels that his wife disregards his gift of a nine-hundred-year sr. name and prefers insignificant gifts such as the bough of cherries or the white mule. Through his later statement, he tries to make excuses for killing his w ife. Browning uses enjambment to give the impression of a continued speech. When admit aloud, this makes it hard to read the poem without stopping and starting as well as seeming despotic as if boasting the Dukes achievements. Browning also shows that by commenting on veritable subjects in this instance his wife, can reveal more about the person making the comments than the subject itself. The Duke is materialistic, possessive and likes to show off. (Since none puts by the curtain I have drawn for you). He believes the envoy should be honoured to see a painting of his wife by FraPandolf. The Duke displays his need to control his wife and what they are doing through his control of the curtain that hides his wife. Furthermore, he has control over whether people see the painting and it symbolises his need for control, over his life and others. He uses artwork to control the uncontrollable such as his wifes affections and others admiration. He reveals more than he intends to when he implies that he murdered his wife. consequently the smiles stopped altogether. It develops the idea that the term disturbed, for the Duke, means that he needs to be in control or he commands for her to be killed or inclined of. Another interpretation of this quote could be that he locked Fra Pandolf and his Last Duchess up because the painter may have caused the half- rushing that dies along her throat In My Last Duchess, Brownings use of language indicates that while the words are polite, the meanings behind them are savage. The use of caesura cuts the poetry in half and the use of dashes dictates the Dukes tone. I gave commands Then all smiles stopped. While the line itself seems meaningless, his earlier statements such as looking as if she were alive and blame this sort of trifling gives the impression that he murdered or imprisoned his wife.Browning measuredly uses the next lines to show the Duke has given to much away, Willt thee transport rise? This refers to his psycholog ical state as he has revealed that he doesnt care about killing his spouse but he is hard put about revealing too much to an envoy. An emphasis is put on his quick change of topic through the use of caesura, As if alive. Willt thee It cuts the poetry in half and shows he has revealed too much into his personal life. After quickly changing the subject the Duke goes back to showing of his wealth. The final lines of the poem show a powerful image, Notice Neptune, though. Taming a sea-horse, thought a rarity. The imagery represents a man taming a woman, which suggests to the reader that women are inferior to men. A different perspective could be that women are animals that need to be tamed. The poem was written in 1842 when women were considered inferior to men and the image of Neptune and his sea-horse represents this. The Duke once again returns to possessions, with all his money and power, he cant buy love. The Duke doesnt realise how much of himself he has given away throughout the criticism of his wife. It suggests that part of his disturbed nature comes from not have affection. The Duke and Macbeth are both similar characters as they both fox a high status and money. However while the Thane of Cawdor and eventually the King of Scotland holds his wife in high regard, the Duke is disrespectful towards his. A theme of both the poem and the play is how women act and how they were treated. In My Last Duchess, the wife acts like a traditional wife in the 1800s. She seems to be modest, half flush that dies along her throat and easily pleased, She looked on and her looks went everywhere. Women at the time were considered possessions and trophies by their father and later their husband. In contrast, Lady Macbeth is revealed to be the dominant partner. In Act 1, Scene 5, Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are discussing murdering King Duncan. She asserts her control over him insults him and tells him not to give anything away. Your face, my thane, is a book where men May read strange matters. Shakespeare depicts Lady Macbeth as an equal in her relationship, while Browning presents the Duchess as an obedient wife.

External Factors Affecting Organizational Structure

surround The environment is the world in which the plaque molds, and includes conditions that invite the organization such(prenominal) as economic, social-cultural, legal-political, technological, and natural environment conditions. Environments argon frequently described as either stable or dynamic. ? Stable environment customers desires atomic keep down 18 well understood remains consistent for a relatively long metre Examples of organizations that face relatively stable environments include manufacturers of staple items such as detergent, cleaning supplies, and paper products. mechanistic structures to be advantageous This system provides a level of efficiency that enhances the long-term achieveances of organizations that enjoy relatively stable operational environments ? Dynamic environment Customers desires ar continuously changingthe opposite of a stable environment This condition is often thought of as irritated the technology that a corporation uses while in this environment whitethorn need to be continuously improved and updated An example of an industry run in a dynamic environment is electronics.Technology changes fashion competitive pressures for tout ensemble electronics industries, because as technology changes, so do the desires of consumers. constitutive(a) structure provides the great benefits This structure all(prenominal)ows the organization to respond to environment change more proactively. Organizations ar direct increasingly designed to be more organic now days. The HR organizational organize has to fit to sore challenges born in the external environment. All the authoritative and influencing people speak about the changes in the business world, as the current recession seems to be one of the castigate recessions ever.The way the business was done lead be discontinued and new business ethics and new business rules testament be born. In break for example HRM Organizational Structure should be as ducti le as possible, the HRM Employees should be genuinely aware of the un barably of the organization and they should be able to help the organization to survive the recession successfully. The HRM Organizational Structure Adjustment has to be based on the detailed analysis of the needs of the organization in the recession. Companies that nurture flexibility, awareness, and resilience are more seeming to survive the crisis, and even to prosper.McKinsey-2009 Technology Advances in technology are the nearly frequent cause of change in organizations since they generally result in greater efficiency and lower costs for the firm. Technology is the way tasks are handed using tools, equipment, techniques, and human know-how. By using tools, equipment and strategy, technology helps workers accomplish their core tasks at a quicker pace. If a company has the distinguish organisational structure blended with the right technology, it can attain organizational success.Joan Woodward found tha t the right combination of structure and technology were critical to organizational success. In her book Industrial Organization Theory and Practice (1965), the face management scholar classified three categories of core-manufacturing technology ? Small-batch toil utilize to manufacture a variety of custom, do-to-order goods. Each item is made somewhat otherwise to meet a customers specifications by the skills of the workers who work in concert in small groups. A print shop is an example of a business that uses small-batch production. Appropriate structure for this type is decentralized and ductile It work well in organic structure ? Mass production automatise machines are utilise that is programmed to make high volumes of standard products. Its used to create a large-mouthed number of uniform goods in an assembly-line system. Workers are highly dependent on one a nonher, as the product passes from gift to stage until completion. Equipment whitethorn be sophistica ted, and workers often follow detailed operating instructions while performing simplified jobs. Example-A company that bottles soda pop It full treatment well in rigid structure as has go tasks ceremonial structure or mechanistic structures is the trump out choice for workers who must perform repetitive tasks. ? Continuous-process production Create goods by continuously feeding stinging materials, such as liquid, solids, and gases, through a highly automated system. such(prenominal) systems are equipment intensive, but can often be operated by a relatively small labor force. Examples-automated chemical plants and oil refineries. A flexible structure is necessary to allow workers to react quickly to unexpected problems. It whole shebang well in organic structures The separate Technology factor that determines organizational structure is- ?IT-Knowledge management the sharing and integrating expertise within and amongst courses and divisions through real quantify interc onnected IT that allows for new kinds of task and insurance coverage relationships. CITATION 1. (CliffsNotes. com. Factors Affecting Organizational Design. 29 Oct 2010 . Read morehttp//www. cliffsnotes. om/WileyCDA/study_guide/Factors-Affecting-Organizational-Design. steericArticleId-8944,articleId-8881. hypertext mark-up language? citation=trueixzz13mZtlnHJ 2. Ref- HRM Organizational Structure HRM Advice Blog Adjustments in Recession http//hrmadvice. com/blog/2008/12/30/hrm-organizational-structure-adjustments-recession/ Technology/Task Consider tame processing at a bank. This activity is usually performed by a business unit that is highly full-dressized, has a great deal of specialization and division of labor, and high centralization of decision-making.In contrast, the creative section of an ad operation is usually not formalized at all, the division of labor is often blurry, and it is highly decentralized. It appears that true activities naturally go with certain structu res. Joan Woodward found that by knowing an organizations primary system of production, you could predict their structure Unit production/small batch. Companies that make one-of-a-kind custom products, or small quantities of products (e. g. , ship construct, aircraft manufacture, piece of furniture maker, tailors, printers of engraved wedding invitation, surgical teams). In these companies, typically, peoples skills and knowledge is more important than the the machines used. comparatively expensive to operate work process is unpredictable, hard to pre-program or automate. Flat organization ( a couple of(prenominal) levels of hierarchy). Ceo has low span of control (direct reports). Relatively low percentage of managers Organic structure (seehandout) Mass production/large batch. Companies that sell huge volumes of identical products (e. g. , cars, razor blades, aluminum cans, toasters). Make life-threatening use of automation and assembly lines.Typically, bigger than small b atch Taller hierarchies shadow level is huge (supervisor span of control is 48) Relatively greater number of managers (because hierarchy is so overblown) Mechanistic, bureaucratic structure Relatively cheap to operate Continuous Production. Primarily companies that refine liquids and powders (e. g. , chemical companies, oil refineries, bakeries, dairies, distilleries/breweries, electric actor plants). Machines do everything, domain just monitor the machines and plan changes. These organizations are tall and thin or even inverted pyramid almost cypher at the bottom At the very top there is an organic structure Lower levels more mechanistic, but because machines do everything, there is not much paper work, low level supervision, etc. Chick Perrow 67 looked at how the frequency and type of exceptions that occurred during production affected structure. Two types of exceptions (a) can be solved via orderly, analytic search process (like mechanic fixing car), (b) no analytic f ramework, rely on intuition, guesswork (like advertising, film-making, fusion research). Few Exceptions many another(prenominal) Exceptions Un-analyzable pottery, specialty glass, motel room artwork plumbing film making aerospace (non routine research) computer technical support (craftwork) tasks that no one really knows how to do work on routine work, but when problems crop up, it is hard intuition, inherent knowledge to fig what to do Analyzable routine, like screws (routine manufacturing) custom machinery, building dams (engineering the few problems that occur are usually easy to production) understand the act of well-known principles and technologies to lots of new and different situations It turns out that bottom odd organizations (analyzable and few exceptions) tend to be highly centralized and formalized in short, bureaucracies. Bureaucracies are the trump possible organizational form when the task is well-understood, and how to best execute it can be specified in advance.At the other extreme, the top right organizations (unanalyzable and many exceptions) are not well handled by bureaucracies. in that location are so many exceptions and new situations that having a set of formal procedures which specify how to handle every situation is out of the question. Organizations in this disaster tend to be highly decentralized and use informal elbow room of coordination and control. The reasons sport to do with human bounded rationality. (Bounded rationality refers to the fact that since humans have limited brain capacity, we cannot always find the absolute optimal solution to a given problem we only have the time and capacity to consider a few possible solutions, and choose the best among those. But we cant consider all possible solutions. Really complex systems are difficult to pre-plan there are too many contingencies. We simply cant figure it all out. Need to allow for real-time, flexible adjustment. Environment Adaptation O rganizations actively adapt to their environments. For example, organizations facing complex, highly uncertain environments typically differentiate so that distributively organizational unit is facing a smaller, more certain problem. for example, if Japanese tastes in cars are quite different from American tastes, it is really hard to make a single car that appeals to both markets. It is easier to create two separate business units, one that makes cars for the Japanese market, and the other that makes cars for the US market. Natural SelectionOrganizations whose structures are not fitted to the environment (which includes other organizations, communities, customers, governments, etc. ) will not perform well and will go. Most new organizations fail within the first few years. If the environment is stable, this selection process will lead to most organizations being well-adapted to the environment, not because they all changed themselves, but because those that were not well-adapted w ill have died off. Dependence The economy is a giant electronic network of organizations linked by buying and selling relationships. any company has suppliers (inputs) and customers (outputs). Every company is dependent on both their suppliers and their customers for resources and money.To the extent that a company needs its suppliers less than they need it, the company has power. That is, power is a office staff of asymmetric mutual dependence. Dependence is itself a function of the availability of secondary supply. A depends on B to the extent that there are few alternatives to B that are available to A. Dependence is also a function of how much A needs what B has got. If the Post Its company starts to piece of cake hardball with you, and there are no good alternatives, its still not a big deal because Post Its are just not that important. Organizations that have power over others are able to impose elements of structure on them.For example, GM is famous for imposing accounti ng systems, cost controls, manufacturing techniques on their suppliers. The sets of entities in an organizations environment that play a role in the organizations health and performance, or which are affected by the organization, are calledstakeholders. Stakeholders have interests in what the organization does, and may or may not have the power to influence the organization to protect their interests. Stakeholders are varied and their interests may coincide on some issues and not others. Therefore you find stakeholders both cooperating with apiece other in alliances, and competing with each(prenominal) other. pic Figure 1. Unconnected stakeholders.When stakeholders are unconnected to each other (as in Figure 1), the organization usually has an easier time of performing the different parties off one another. For example, it can represent its goals and needs differently to each stakeholder, without fear of being found out. Or, such competitive stakeholders into outbidding each other (e. g. , a university can tel one alumna that another alumnus is about to give a huge donation). Furthermore, when the stakeholders are unconnected, they cannot coordinate their efforts, and so have trouble controlling the organization. pic Figure 2. Well-connected stakeholders. In contrast, when the stakeholders are well-connected (as in Figure 2), the organization cannot represent itself differently to each one, or it will be found out.Furthermore, if the bonds among the stakeholders are closer than the bonds with the organization, the stakeholders may side with each other against the organization, and wont act in ways that negatively affect other stakeholders. Institutionalization Under conditions of uncertainty, organizations imitate others that appear to be successful. In other words, if nobody really knows what makes a movie successful, and then soulfulness has a blockbuster hit, everybody else copies the movie, and the organizational structure that produced the movie, hopi ng that they will get the same(p) results. This can cause whole industries to adopt similar structural features. one reason why this happens is the fear of litigation or simply blame.If some(prenominal) well-known, successful companies start adopting some new management style say, free teams and you dont because you know its not appropriate for your company, and then things start to go vilify for your company, people will say see? you should have adopted supreme teams. we told you so. So to avoid that, if the top companies in a field all adopt some new style, then all the others do to to avoid being blamed. In addition, diffusion of ideas due to personnel transfer and professional school training can create uniformity as well.RefOrganizational TheoryDeterminants of Structure Stephen P. Borgatti October 08, 2001 http//www. practical-management. com/Organization-Development/Organization-s-External-Environment. html