Electricity – A Secondary Energy Source

A Secondary outset The Science of Electricity How Electricity is Generated/Made The Transformer Moving Electricity mensuration Electricity naught calculator links page recent statistics A SECONDARY SOURCE Electricity is the f miserable of galvanising automobileal cater or charge. It is a pieceary energy extraction which means that we get it from the renascence of different sources of energy, corresponding combust, internal gas, oil, nuclear post and separate natural sources, which ar c eithered primal sources. The energy sources we habit to make electrical energy give the gatenister be renewable or non-renewable, but electrical energy itself is neither renewable or non-renewable.Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is hotshot of our to the highest degree astray use forms of energy. Many cities and towns were built a greatside waterf boths (a primary source of mechanical energy) that turned water wheels to perform model. Before electrical energy genera tion began over 100 years ago, houses were lit with kerosene lamps, nutrition was cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were warmed by wood-burning or coal-burning stoves. Beginning with benzoin Franklins experiment with a kite sh beic number 53 stormy night in Philadelphia, the principles of electrical energy gradually became understood.Thomas Edison helped change eeryones life he better his invention the electric light bulb. Prior to 1879, direct incumbent (DC) electricity had been utilise in arc lights for outdoor lighting. In the late-1800s, Nikola Tesla pioneered the generation, transmission, and use of alternate current (AC) electricity, which can be transmitted over much greater distances than direct current. Teslas inventions utilize electricity to bring indoor lighting to our homes and to mightiness industrial machines. Despite its great importance in our daily lives, close to of us r pinchic number 18ly stop to think what life would be corresponding without elect ricity.Yet deal air and water, we t set aside to take electricity for granted. eitherday, we use electricity to do many jobs for us from lighting and heating/ chilling our homes, to powering our televisions and computers. Electricity is a controllable and convenient form of energy utilise in the applications of heat, light and power. THE SCIENCE OF ELECTRICITY developed by the subject bea dynamism Education Development Project In order to em course of actionize how electric charge fires from one atom to another, we need to know both(prenominal)thing about atoms. Everything in the universe is do of atomsevery star, every tree, every animal.The valet body is made of atoms. Air and water argon, too. Atoms argon the building blocks of the universe. Atoms are so small that millions of them would fit on the head of a pin. Atoms are made of even smaller particles. The center of an atom is called the karyon. It is made of particles called protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons are very small, but electrons are much, much smaller. Electrons spin most the nucleus in berates a great distance from the nucleus. If the nucleus were the size of a tennis ball, the atom would be the size of the Empire State Building.Atoms are mostly empty space. If you could see an atom, it would look a little like a tiny center of balls surrounded by giant nonvisual bubbles (or collection plates). The electrons would be on the surface of the bubbles, constantly spin and paltry to cling as far away from each other as possible. Electrons are held in their shells by an electrical force. The protons and electrons of an atom are attracted to each other. They both(prenominal) ravish an electrical charge. An electrical charge is a force at heart the particle. Protons have a unconditional charge (+) and electrons have a oppose charge (-).The positive charge of the protons is have-to doe with to the negative charge of the electrons. reversion charges attract each othe r. When an atom is in balance, it has an equal number of protons and electrons. The neutrons carry no charge and their number can vary. The number of protons in an atom determines the kind of atom, or element, it is. An element is a substance in which all of the atoms are identical (the Periodic Table shows all the known elements). Every atom of hydrogen, for example, has one proton and one electron, with no neutrons.Every atom of atomic number 6 has six protons, six electrons, and six neutrons. The number of protons determines which element it is. Electrons usually cover a constant distance from the nucleus in precise shells. The shell unairedst to the nucleus can hold two electrons. The next shell can hold up to eight. The outer shells cans hold even to a greater extent. around atoms with many protons can have as many as seven-spot shells with electrons in them. The electrons in the shells closest to the nucleus have a absolute force of attraction to the protons. sometimes, the electrons in the outermost shells do not.These electrons can be labored out of their orbits. Applying a force can make them move from one atom to another. These moving electrons are electricity. STATIC ELECTRICITY Electricity has been moving in the world forever. Lightning is a form of electricity. It is electrons moving from one sully to another or jumping from a cloud to the ground. rich person you ever felt a shock when you touched an object after base on balls across a carpet? A stream of electrons jumped to you from that object. This is called static electricity. Have you ever made your hair stand straight up by rubbing a balloon on it?If so, you rubbed some electrons off the balloon. The electrons locomote into your hair from the balloon. They tried to get far away from each other by moving to the ends of your hair. They pushed against each other and made your hair movethey repelled each other. Just as opposite charges attract each other, like charges repel each other. MAGNETS AND ELECTRICITY The spinning of the electrons around the nucleus of an atom creates a tiny magnetised field. more or less objects are not magnetised because the atoms are place so that the electrons spin in different, random directions, and repeal out each other.Magnets are different the molecules in magnets are arranged so that the electrons spin in the same direction. This arrangement of atoms creates two poles in a magnet, a marriageseeking pole and a South-seeking pole. Bar Magnet A magnet is labeled with North (N) and South (S) poles. The magnetic force in a magnet flows from the North pole to the South pole. This creates a magnetic field around a magnet. Have you ever held two magnets close to each other? They dont act like most objects. If you try to push the South poles together, they repel each other. Two North poles also repel each other.Turn one magnet around and the North (N) and the South (S) poles are attracted to each other. The magnets come together w ith a strong force. Just like protons and electrons, opposites attract. These special properties of magnets can be employ to make electricity. Moving magnetic fields can pull and push electrons. Some metallic elements, like copper have electrons that are loosely held. They can be pushed from their shells by moving magnets. Magnets and conducting fit are utilize together in electric beginnings. BATTERIES PRODUCE ELECTRICITY A battery mothers electricity using two different metals in a chemical solution.A chemical reaction between the metals and the chemicals frees more electrons in one metal than in the other. One end of the battery is attached to one of the metals the other end is attached to the other metal. The end that frees more electrons develops a positive charge and the other end develops a negative charge. If a wire is attached from one end of the battery to the other, electrons flow through with(predicate) the wire to balance the electrical charge. A load is a devic e that does figure or performs a job. If a loadsuch(prenominal) as a lightbulbis placed along the wire, the electricity can do practice as it flows through the wire.In the picture above, electrons flow from the negative end of the battery through the wire to the lightbulb. The electricity flows through the wire in the lightbulb and back to the battery. ELECTRICITY TRAVELS IN CIRCUITS Electricity travels in closed in(p) loops, or circuits (from the word circle). It must have a complete path before the electrons can move. If a circuit is open, the electrons cannot flow. When we flip on a light switch, we close a circuit. The electricity flows from the electric wire through the light and back into the wire. When we flip the switch off, we open the circuit.No electricity flows to the light. When we turn a light switch on, electricity flows through a tiny wire in the bulb. The wire gets very hot. It makes the gas in the bulb glow. When the bulb burns out, the tiny wire has broken. The path through the bulb is gone. When we turn on the TV, electricity flows through wires inside the set, producing pictures and sound. Sometimes electricity runs motorsin washers or mixers. Electricity does a lot of work for us. We use it many times each day. HOW ELECTRICITY IS GENERATED A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.The play is base on the relationship between magnetism and electricity. In 1831, Faraday discovered that when a magnet is moved inside a coil of wire, electrical current flows in the wire. A typical generator at a power plant uses an electromagneta magnet created by electricitynot a traditional magnet. The generator has a series of insulated coils of wire that form a stationary cylinder. This cylinder surrounds a rotary electromagnetic peter. When the electromagnetic have intercourse rotates, it induces a small electric current in each scratch of the wire coil.Each section of the wire becomes a small, separate electr ic conductor. The small currents of individual sections are added together to form one king-size current. This current is the electric power that is transmitted from the power company to the consumer. An electric advantage power station uses either a turbine, engine, water wheel, or other similar machine to drive an electric generator or a device that converts mechanical or chemical energy to set out electricity. go turbines, internalcombustion engines, gas combustion turbines, water turbines, and wind turbines are the most common methods to generate electricity.Most power plants are about 35 percent efficient. That means that for every 100 units of energy that go into a plant, only 35 units are converted to usable electrical energy. Most of the electricity in the United States is produced in locomote clean turbines. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) to mechanical energy. Steam turbines have a series of blades mounted on a shaft against w hich steam clean is forced, thus rotating the shaft connected to the generator. In a fossil- furnish steam turbine, the fuel is ruin in a furnace to heat water in a boiler to produce steam.Coal, petroleum (oil), and natural gas are burned in large furnaces to heat water to make steam that in turn pushes on the blades of a turbine. Did you know that most electricity generated in the United State comes from burning coal? In 2007, almost half (48. 5%) of the countrys 4. 1 trillion kilo wolframhours of electricity used coal as its source of energy. Natural gas, in addition to being burned to heat water for steam, can also be burned to produce hot combustion gases that pass directly through a turbine, spinning the blades of the turbine to generate electricity.Gas turbines are commonly used when electricity utility usage is in high demand. In 2007, 21. 6% of the nations electricity was fueled by natural gas. Petroleum can also be used to make steam to turn a turbine. Residual fuel oil, a product refined from crude oil, is often the petroleum product used in electric plants that use petroleum to make steam. Petroleum was used to generate about two percent (2%) of all electricity generated in U. S. electricity plants in 2007. Nuclear power is a method in which steam is produced by heating water through a process called nuclear fission.In a nuclear power plant, a reactor contains a core of nuclear fuel, primarily enriched uranium. When atoms of uranium fuel are hit by neutrons they fission (split), releasing heat and more neutrons. nether controlled conditions, these other neutrons can strike more uranium atoms, splitting more atoms, and so on. Thereby, continuous fission can take place, forming a range of mountains reaction releasing heat. The heat is used to turn water into steam, that, in turn, spins a turbine that generates electricity. Nuclear power was used to generate 19. 4% of all the countrys electricity in 2007. Hydropower, the source for 5. % of U. S. e lectricity generation in 2007, is a process in which flowing water is used to spin a turbine connected to a generator. There are two basic types of hydroelectric systems that produce electricity. In the first system, flowing water accumulates in reservoirs created by the use of dams. The water falls through a pipe called a penstock and applies pressure against the turbine blades to drive the generator to produce electricity. In the second system, called run-of-river, the force of the river current (rather than falling water) applies pressure to the turbine blades to produce electricity.Geothermal power comes from heat energy buried beneath the surface of the earth. In some areas of the country, enough heat rises close to the surface of the earth to heat opposition water into steam, which can be tapped for use at steam-turbine plants. This energy source generated less than 1% of the electricity in the country in 2007. solar power is derived from the energy of the sun. However, the s uns energy is not available full-time and it is widely scattered. The processes used to produce electricity using the suns energy have historically been more expensive than using conventional fossil fuels.Photovoltaic renewal generates electric power directly from the light of the sun in a photovoltaic (solar) cell. Solar-thermal electric generators use the radiant energy from the sun to produce steam to drive turbines. In 2007, less than 1% of the nations electricity was found on solar power. Wind power is derived from the conversion of the energy contained in wind into electricity. Wind power, less than 1% of the nations electricity in 2007, is a rapidly growing source of electricity. A wind turbine is similar to a typical wind mill.Biomass includes wood, municipal solid waste (garbage), and agricultural waste, such as corn cobs and wheat straw. These are some other energy sources for producing electricity. These sources replace fossil fuels in the boiler. The combustion of wood and waste creates steam that is typically used in conventional steam-electric plants. Biomass accounts for about 1% of the electricity generated in the United States. THE TRANSFORMER MOVING ELECTRICITY To solve the problem of direct electricity over long distances, William Stanley developed a device called a transformer.The transformer allowed electricity to be efficiently transmitted over long distances. This made it possible to supply electricity to homes and businesses located far from the electric generating plant. The electricity produced by a generator travels along cables to a transformer, which changes electricity from low electric potential to high voltage. Electricity can be moved long distances more efficiently using high voltage. Transmission lines are used to carry the electricity to a substation. Substations have transformers that change the high voltage electricity into lower voltage electricity.From the substation, distribution lines carry the electricity to home s, offices and factories, which train low voltage electricity. MEASURING ELECTRICITY Electricity is metric in units of power called watts. It was named to honor James Watt, the inventor of the steam engine. One watt is a very small amount of power. It would require nearly 750 watts to equal one horsepower. A kilowatt represents 1,000 watts. A kilowatthour (kWh) is equal to the energy of 1,000 watts works for one hour. The amount of electricity a power plant generates or a customer uses over a period of time is measured in kilowatthours (kWh).Kilowatthours are determined by multiplying the number of kWs required by the number of hours of use. For example, if you use a 40-watt light bulb 5 hours a day, you have used 200 watthours, or 0. 2 kilowatthours, of electrical energy. delay our Energy Calculator section to learn more about converting units. stretch out Revised May 2009 Sources Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy review article 2007, August 2008 . The National Energy Education Development Project, Intermediate Energy Infobook, 2007.